华北农田不同耕作方式的固碳效益评价

为研究长期耕作措施下农田土壤碳储量以及潜在碳成本的情况,在中国科学院石家庄栾城生态系统试验站进行了长期耕作定位试验,设置免耕(NT)、旋耕(RT)和翻耕(CT)3个处理,并对各处理的固碳效益进行了评价。结果表明在秸秆还田、化肥投入的条件下各处理碳储量均呈现增长趋势,2004—2010年各处理间碳储量平均值由37 867.06增长到48 316.33kg/hm2,SCS的大小为CT>NT>RT;潜在碳成本NT、RT与CT分别为499.50,516.91和564.84kg/(hm2.a);通过效益评价可知,NT的生态效益最好,各处理间差异显著。RT的经济效益最好,与NT间差异不显著,但RT显著高于CT。建议华北麦玉两熟区农田优化当前农艺措施,提高机械覆盖面积,提升免耕作物经济产量,在此区域适当推广少免耕技术。     

茶树油及其主要组分对树突状细胞体外生长的影响

研究了茶树油及其组分干预树突状细胞后,采用MTT法检测药物对树突状细胞活力的抑制,并通过倒置显微镜观察细胞形态学变化,以探讨茶树油及其主要组分对小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞体外生长的影响。结果表明:茶树油、Terpin-4-ol、1.8-Cineole和Terpinolene在实验浓度范围内(0.002～1.000μL/mL)对树突状细胞活力均有不同程度的抑制,抑制率与药物浓度呈剂量依赖关系,其中,茶树油对树突状细胞活力抑制率为25.60%(1.000μL/mL),而同等浓度下的Terpinene-4-ol抑制率为97.20%(P<0.01),表明Terpinene-4-ol对树突状细胞有较强的细胞毒性;结果还表明,在进行茶树油对树突状细胞活性评价研究时,应控制安全实验浓度在0.310μL/mL以下。     

Bovine respiratory disease: efficacy of different prophylactic treatments in veal calves and antimicrobial resistance of isolated Pasteurellaceae

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two prophylactic antibiotic treatments against bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in veal calves. In addition, the antibiotic susceptibilities of isolated Pasteurellaceae were tested. The calves were treated either on the day of arrival by a single administration of tulathromycin (group A, n = 20), by a peroral administration of chlortetracycline, sulphadimidine, and tylosin (group B, n = 20) for seven consecutive days, or were not prophylactically treated (group C, n = 19). On the first day of clinically diagnosed BRD, transtracheal lavage samples were obtained prior to therapeutic treatment and were subsequently cultured. Pasteurellaceae isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents by the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentrations. During the first 56 d after arrival, different calves in group A and B suffered from one episode of clinically diagnosed BRD while calves of group C experienced two episodes. The average daily weight gain during the same period was significantly lower in group C (0.89 ± 0.04 kg/d) than in the two prophylactically treated groups (1.14 ± 0.05 and 1.15 ± 0.04 kg/d for group A and B, respectively). The improved performance of groups A and B in comparison to group C could be related to a lower incidence of respiratory disorders during the first days after arrival in the prophylactically treated animals. No differences in the clinical efficacy were seen between the two tested prophylactic treatments. The most prevalent bacterial pathogens isolated (n = 79) were Pasteurella multocida (23% of isolated pathogens), Mycoplasma bovis (18%), and Mannheimia varigena (16%). For the isolated Pasteurellaceae, a high resistance pattern was observed to tylosin (83% of the tested P. multocida and 88% of the Mannheimia spp. isolates resistant) and tilmicosin (56% of the tested P. multocida isolates non-sensitive).     

12种抗菌药物抗大肠埃希氏菌的增效剂筛选试验

筛选氟苯尼考等12种临床常用抗菌药物的抗大肠埃希氏菌增效剂.采用微量稀释法分别测定12种抗菌药物和丁香酚等8种可能成分的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);棋盘稀释法测定可能成分与抗菌药物联用抑菌浓度(FIC)指数,确定可能成分对抗菌药物的协同或相加、无关或拮抗作用.根据MIC和FIC指数分析发现,丁香酚、尼泊金酯钠、羧甲壳聚糖、...     

甘草查尔酮E对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性

应用肉汤微量稀释法测定甘草查尔酮E对金黄色葡萄球菌（简称金葡菌）的抗菌活性,并通过溶血试验、Western blot分析和荧光定量PCR试验考察亚抑菌浓度的甘草查尔酮E对金葡菌α-溶血素表达的影响。结果显示,甘草查尔酮E对7株金葡菌的最低抑菌质量浓度为2～8mg/L;亚抑菌浓度的甘草查尔酮E能显著降低金葡菌α-溶血素的表达,且呈现剂量依赖性。     

千里光提取物冻干粉药代动力学研究-抗炎药理效应法

为了探索千里光提取物冻干粉(SsE)的药物代谢动力学特征,首次采用耳肿胀度抑制率药理效应法测定SsE药动学参数。结果发现,在一定剂量范围内给小鼠腹腔注射SsE,能较迅速地产生药理效应,使耳肿胀度抑制率显著提高;SsE最低有效量为57.40 mg/kg,在小鼠体内代谢符合一级反应一室模型,模型表达式为:C=1 436.227 e^(-0.133 4 t)-1436.227 e^(-0.237 t),表观药动学参数为:一级消除速率常数Ke=0.133 4 h-1,消除半衰期t1/2Ke=5.194 9 h,一级吸收速率常数Ka=0.237 h-1,吸收半衰期t1/2Ka=2.924 1 h,血药峰浓度Cmax=1 436.227 mg/kg,达峰时间tmax=5.547 4 h,清除率Cl=0.055 3mg/kg.h,药-时曲线下面积AUC=16 826.35 mg/kg.h,表观分布容积V=0.414 2 mg/kg,滞后期t0=0.010 4 h。表明SsE具有良好的抗炎作用,在小鼠体内起效快,消除慢,生物利用度高,在机体内分布有限,较集中于血浆,组织摄入少。     

Pharmacokinetics and distribution of minocycline in mature horses after oral administration of multiple doses and comparison with minimum inhibitory concentrations

Reasons for performing study: Minocycline holds great potential for use in horses not only for its antimicrobial effects but also for its anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, there are no pharmacokinetic or safety data available regarding the use of oral minocycline in horses. Objectives: To determine pharmacokinetics, safety and penetration into plasma, synovial fluid, aqueous humour (AH) and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of minocycline after oral administration of multiple doses in horses and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of minocycline for equine pathogenic bacteria. Methods: Six horses received minocycline (4 mg/kg bwt q. 12 h for 5 doses). Thirty‐three blood and 9 synovial fluid samples were collected over 96 h. Aqueous humour and CSF samples were collected 1 h after the final dose. Minocycline concentrations were measured using high pressure liquid chromatography. The MIC values of minocycline for equine bacterial isolates were determined. Results: At steady state, the mean ± s.d. peak concentration of minocycline in the plasma was 0.67 ± 0.26 µg/ml and the mean half‐life was 11.48 ± 3.23 h. The highest trough synovial fluid minocycline concentration was 0.33 ± 0.12 µg/ml. The AH concentration of minocycline was 0.09 ± 0.03 µg/ml in normal eyes and 0.11 ± 0.04 µg/ml in blood aqueous barrier‐disrupted eyes. The mean CSF concentration of minocycline was 0.38 ± 0.09 µg/ml. The MIC values were determined for 301 isolates. Minocycline concentrations were above the MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ for many gram‐positive equine pathogens. Potential relevance: This study supports the use of orally administered minocycline at a dose of 4 mg/kg bwt every 12 h for the treatment of nonocular infections caused by susceptible (MIC≤0.25 µg/ml) organisms in horses. Further studies are required to determine the dose that would be effective for the treatment of ocular infections.     

Antiproliferative activity of Saponaria vaccaria constituents and related compounds

Total methanolic extracts of Saponaria vaccaria seed derived from several varieties, as well as various purified components obtained through successive chromatographic separations of total extracts were evaluated for their growth inhibitory activity in WiDr (colon), MDA-MB-231 (breast), NCI-417 (lung) and PC-3 (prostate) human cancer cells as well as the non-tumorigenic fibroblast BJ (CRL-2522) cell line using MTT colorimetric assay. Purified bisdesmosidic saponins segetoside H and I were further examined using microscopy and apoptosis assays. Bisdesmosidic saponins exhibited dose-dependent growth inhibitory and selective apoptosis-inducing activity. Growth inhibitory effects were particularly strong in a breast (MDA-MB-231) and a prostate (PC-3) cancer cell line. Total extracts exhibited a different preference being most active against a colon cancer cell line (WiDr). In a comparison of varieties, all of the total seed extracts exhibited similar dose-dependent activities, but with some variation in potency. Monodesmosidic saponins vaccarosides A and B, phenolic vaccarin, and cyclopeptide segetalin A, co-occurring seed substituents, did not exhibit activity. The non-tumorigenic fibroblast cell line BJ (CRL 2522) was growth inhibited but did not undergo apoptosis when treated with bisdesmosidic saponins at low micromolar concentrations. Saponin-rich extracts from Kochia scoparia seed and Chenopodium quinoa were also evaluated alongside Saponaria saponins but did not exhibit activity. Closely related Quillaja saponins exhibited activity but were less potent.     

New icetexane diterpenes with intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory and free-radical scavenging activity isolated from Premna tomentosa roots

New icetexane diterpenes (1-2); 8, 11, 13-icetexatriene-10-hydroxy, 11, 12, 16-tri acetoxyl (1) and 8, 11, 13-icetexatriene-7, 10, 11-dihydroxy-12, 13-dihydrofuran (2) along with six known compounds namely acetoxy syranzaldehyde (3), syranzaldehyde (4), coniferaldehyde (5), lupeol (6), betulin (7), and 4-(4-methoxy phenyl)-2-butanone (8) were isolated from the roots of Premna tomentosa. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were established by detailed spectral analysis using UV, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, 1D, 2D and Mass. The newly isolated compounds were screened for rat intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory and free radical (DPPH) scavenging potentiality. The new icetexane diterpenes (1, 2) and compound 3 were found to have significant α-glucosidase inhibitory and also free radical scavenging (DPPH) activities.