Immunology of infective preterm delivery in the mare

Placentitis is reported to be the cause of 9.8–33.5% of abortions, stillbirths and perinatal losses in horses. Bacterial infections are responsible for 53% of placentitis cases with Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus being isolated in 28% of these cases. Clinically, mares may have a vaginal discharge, show udder development, lactate prenatally and deliver a premature or dead foal. Major aspects of the pathogenesis of infectious preterm delivery that may require more effective therapeutic targeting are myometrial contraction, immunological aspects of preterm delivery, and the effects of proinflammatory cytokine signalling on activation of the fetal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. This article focuses on current knowledge of inflammatory signalling secondary to equine placentitis, and the interplay among inflammation, loss of myometrial quiescence and activation of the fetal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.     

虾类免疫学研究进展

虾类的免疫系统包括免疫组织和器官、免疫细胞以及免疫因子等3个方面，本文从这3个方面的组成和作用阐述了虾类的免疫学基础研究现状，以便为虾类免疫防御机制的深入研究及免疫学防治等作一基础。     

Effect of dietary echium oil on growth, fatty acid composition and metabolism, gill prostaglandin production and macrophage activity in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Echium oil (EO) is a vegetable oil in which percentages of stearidonic acid (STA, 18:4n‐3) often exceed those of its n‐6 series equivalent γ‐linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n‐6). Stearidonic acid is elongated to 20:4n‐3 in fish cell cultures, suggesting that EO could be included in diets for marine fish to increase tissue 20:4n‐3 and 20:3n‐6 and, thereby, modulate eicosanoid metabolism. Thus, the present study aimed to test the hypotheses that dietary EO would increase tissue 20:4n‐3 and 20:3n‐6 and modulate immune function and eicosanoid production in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) fed a diet where fish oil (FO) was replaced by EO. Duplicate groups of juvenile cod (initial weight ca. 4 g) were fed for 18 weeks on fish meal‐based diets (55% protein and 16% lipid) that differed in oil source (FO or EO). There were no significant differences in growth and feed efficiency, hepato‐somatic index, percentages of liver and flesh lipids and lipid class compositions for cod fed FO and EO. Percentages of 18:4n‐3, 18:3n‐6 and 20:3n‐6 in the total lipids of flesh and liver were higher, and percentages of 20:5n‐3 and 20:4n‐6 were both lower in fish fed EO than in those given FO. In flesh, the increased 18:3n‐6 and 18:4n‐3 were primarily located in phosphatidylcholine and, to a lesser extent, phosphatidylethanolamine, whereas 20:3n‐6 concentration was highest in phosphatidylinositol. Desaturation of 18:3n‐3 (to tetraene products) and 20:5n‐3 to 22:6n‐3 in hepatocytes was very low but was increased by dietary EO. Echium oil significantly decreased the production of prostaglandin F from gill cells stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187, and reduced head kidney macrophage activity, but had no effect on serum lysozyme activity or basic haematology. In conclusion, dietary EO may have beneficial effects on some immune parameters including eicosanoid metabolism in marine fish although this may be primarily because of decreased 20:4n‐6 rather than increasing tissue levels of 20:3n‐6 or 20:4n‐3.     

刺激隐核虫在褐牙鲆上的传代及其生活史观察

为保存从福建省长乐市褐牙鲆上分离的刺激隐核虫、并了解其生物学特性、以褐牙鲆为宿主鱼、在水温 22~24益时、对刺激隐核虫进行传代、详细观察其生活史及各阶段的形态结构、比较不同温度处理的包囊孵化率和孵 出幼虫的感染能力、分别采集感染后2 周和4 周的褐牙鲆血清做阻动试验。目前已成功进行了40 个周期的刺激隐 核虫传代保种、每个周期8~10 d、表明褐牙鲆可作为刺激隐核虫的模式宿主鱼。观察包囊的形态结构、发现少数包囊 中存在疑似滋养体并做旋转运动的圆形原生质体。包囊5益冷藏2 个月后刺激隐核虫的孵化率下降至7.6 %、用 1 000 个5益冷藏后孵化的幼虫感染褐牙鲆、未检出滋养体。免疫血清阻动试验表明、感染后2 周和4 周的褐牙鲆血 清对幼虫的阻动效价分别为1颐320 和1颐1 280、说明体液免疫在抵抗刺激隐核虫的感染中发挥了重要作用。     

虎纹蛙白内障病病原的分离鉴定及其免疫防治

本文报道了海南养殖虎纹蛙白内障病病原及其免疫学防治方法。对该典型患病个体进行病原分离并鉴定表明，被分离出的病原为脑膜炎败血黄杆菌。在所实验的20种抗菌药物中，该菌只对万古霉素敏感，对头孢哌酮中度敏感，而对其他18种药物均不敏感。通过筛选该病原强毒株制备甲醛灭活疫苗，对健康虎纹蛙进行免疫接种后，可明显提高其对该病的抵抗能力，表明在生产上用免疫学方法防治该病是可行的。     

雌性双峰驼生殖道粘膜免疫组织和细胞的结构与分布

应用光镜和透射电镜观察12峰雌性双峰驼生殖道粘膜免疫组织和细胞的结构与分布。结果显示，输卵管、子宫和阴道的粘膜上皮以及子宫腺上皮内普遍分布着上皮内淋巴细胞（IEL），尤其在子宫颈后段和阴道前段的上皮中可见淋巴细胞浸润现象。从输卵管伞到阴道，固有膜内分布有数量不等的固有层淋巴细胞（LPL）、浆细胞、巨噬细胞和嗜中性粒细胞，在子宫角、子宫体和子宫颈固有膜中还出现淋巴小结，小结内含有一种成群分布的强嗜伊红细胞，细胞大而有突起。子宫颈粘膜上皮和腺上皮内还见嗜中性粒细胞，这些细胞有时充满于子宫颈腺腔内。在子宫（尤其子宫角）固有膜深层和浅肌层分布着成群的肥大细胞，肥大细胞在孕驼子宫内明显减少。母驼生殖道粘膜形成的众多皱襞和腺体大大增加了上皮表面积，进而增大了粘膜免疫组织和细胞的数量。结果提示，双峰驼生殖道具有强大的粘膜免疫功能。     

梅迪-维斯纳病毒研究进展

梅迪-维斯纳病毒又称绵羊进行性肺炎病毒,是绵羊进行性肺炎的病原,属于逆转录病毒科、慢病毒属.其致病过程与人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)相似,因此可以作为HIV感染的动物的研究模型.论文综述了梅迪一维斯纳病毒的病原学,阐述了致病机理、免疫逃避机理及引起宿主的免疫反应,并对未来的防控研究工作进行展望.     

microRNA在调节乳腺发育和乳腺免疫功能中的作用

miRNAs分子是除了激素之外对乳腺发育以及乳腺免疫功能进行调控的重要分子,综述了miRNAs在乳腺发育以及乳腺免疫中的最新研究进展。     

栎树猝死病菌国外研究进展

栎树猝死病菌Phytophthora ramorum(Werres,De Cock&Man in’t Veld)是一种危害性极大的病原菌,主要分布于欧美。文中阐述了该病原生物学性状、传播方式、防治措施、对生态环境的影响以及分子生物学和免疫学技术的应用等方面的国外研究进展。