王浆高产蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）工蜂幼虫发育期蛋白质组分析

 【目的】20世纪90年代中国成功培育出的王浆高产蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）是当今世界最优良的蜂种,使中国的王浆年产量高达2 600多吨,占世界总产量的90%以上,稳居世界第一,通过对该蜂种不同发育日龄工蜂幼虫的蛋白质组进行研究,以探明其发育机理。【方法】采用双向电泳法对王浆高产蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）不同发育期的工蜂幼虫进行蛋白质组研究。【结果】在幼虫期6 d的发育过程中,2日龄、4日龄、6日龄幼虫中分别检测到了262、418、194个蛋白点。这些蛋白的分子量在12.2～88.2 kD的较大范围之间,等电点在pH 4.00～9.24之间。有84个蛋白在幼虫期整个发育过程中均有表达,其中33%呈上调趋势,21%呈下调趋势,46%蛋白的表达没有规律。2日龄、4日龄、6日龄幼虫中分别有88、209、63个特异表达的蛋白。除此之外,有84个蛋白在幼虫发育的6日龄表达关闭,而在2日龄和4日龄幼虫中表达;有41个蛋白在2日龄表达关闭,而在4日龄和6日龄中表达;仅有6个蛋白在4龄日表达关闭,而在2日龄和6日龄表达。【结论】幼虫的发育过程有大量基因参与表达和调控,是一个复杂而动态有序的过程,且发育到4日龄的幼虫蛋白表达最为活跃。幼虫整个发育过程中的共有蛋白是发育必需的保守蛋白。幼虫不同的发育阶段由不同的特异蛋白进行调控。     

Breeding the Mite-Resistant Honeybee by Nutritional Crossbreed Technology

Mite （Varroa destructor） is one of the most serious parasite threats to the honey bee （Apis mellifera） reared in China. The beekeepers mainly use the drug to control and kill the mite in the past years, but the honey products may be contaminated and the mite is becoming drug-resistant. The main idea of this paper is to research the possibility of mite-resistant honeybee rearing by nutritional crossbreed. The larvae （Apis mellifera ligustica） are bred with the royal jelly of Apis carana carana, and then the morphological index of the worker generation, genotypic frequency and gene frequency of the MDH Ⅱ, genetic resemblance, and mite resistance are measured. The results show that： compared to the parent workers, the proboscis length, anterior wing area, the total length of the third and fourth dorsal plate of the abdomen, the length of the fourth dorsal plate of the tuberculum, the area of the sixth abdominal segment, and the area of wax mirrors are significantly different, but the differences in the brachium index, dactylus index, and wing claw are not significant. Moreover, there are some mutations in the genotypic frequency and gene frequency of the MDH Ⅱ. The mite resistance of the nutritional crossbreed worker is significantly higher. The morphological, physical, and biochemical characters, genetic resemblance, and the mite-resistant ability of the worker generation can be changed by nutritional crossbreeding. Nutritional crossbreeding can be a new way to breed the honeybee.     

电取毒对蜜蜂个体生物学的影响

电击蜜蜂取毒的最佳电参数 :意大利蜜蜂为 35- 55V方波电压 ,中华蜜蜂为间息 30 - 50 V方波电压 .电取毒极显著地影响蜜蜂的个体寿命 ,加速蜜蜂的新陈代谢和蜂蜜消耗量 ,但巢顶取毒几乎不影响蜜蜂的采集活动 .电击取毒后的蜜蜂趋于温和 ,抗敌害的能力降低 .电取毒生产中移群再取毒时 ,把握好即时通电可避免电取毒对蜜蜂行为的一些不利影响     

我国口岸首次截获豌豆细菌性疫病

采用蜜蜂为设施栽培苦瓜授粉，以人工授粉为对照。试验结果表明：蜜蜂授粉座果率低于人工授粉；蜜蜂授粉能显著提高果实的VC含量；能提高果实的长度、横径和果肉厚，显著提高单瓜重，但单株产量差异不显著。通过改进苦瓜设施栽培管理措施，蜜蜂授粉技术可作为苦瓜设施栽培的综合配套技术加以推广应用。     

蜂群迁飞过程中的行为机制

自然分蜂是蜜蜂繁衍后代、扩大种族的唯一方式,是蜜蜂社会性行为的表现形式之一。蜂群在迁飞过程中表现出来的一些行为机制备受关注,也是蜜蜂生物学研究的热点问题。就蜂群准备迁飞和迁飞过程中个体及群体中存在的一些行为机制作简要概述。     

应用蜜蜂营养杂交技术培育抗螨蜂种

 【目的】大蜂螨是中国饲养的西方蜜蜂最重要病虫害之一,多年来药物防治蜂螨,一方面蜜蜂对药物产生了很强的抗药性,另一方面治螨药物在一定程度上会污染蜂产品。本研究通过蜜蜂营养杂交,探讨培育抗螨蜂种的可行性。【方法】采用中华蜜蜂的蜂王浆饲喂意大利蜜蜂工蜂小幼虫,然后测定营养杂交后代工蜂形态指标、苹果酸脱氢酶Ⅱ的基因型频率和基因频率、蜂群遗传相似系数以及抗螨力。【结果】营养杂交子后代工蜂的吻长、右前翅面积、腹部第3+4背板总长、第4背板突间距、第6腹节面积、蜡镜面积6个指标与亲本工蜂之间存在显著差异,但肘脉指数、跗节指数和翅钩数与亲本差异不显著;营养杂交子后代工蜂的苹果酸脱氢酶Ⅱ基因型频率和基因频率存在一定的变异;营养杂交子后代之间遗传相似系数明显高于亲本意大利蜜蜂;营养杂交子后代的工蜂抗螨力显著高于亲本意大利蜜蜂。【结论】通过蜜蜂营养杂交,可以改变营养杂交后代工蜂形态、生理生化、分子遗传相似性及抗螨力等特性。蜜蜂营养杂交可成为蜜蜂育种一条新途径。     

城市园林植物的蜜粉资源及蜜蜂的访花行为

蜜蜂是重要的访花昆虫,对其进行保护既有利于提高城市生物多样性水平,也可提升园林景观效果.2011年3月至2013年3月植物主要开花期内,对城市园林中开花植物和蜜蜂访花行为进行调查和观测.结果显示：即使在具丰富蜜粉的其他植物大量开花期间,园林植物仍然是蜜蜂的采集对象.由于食物资源差异等因素,蜜蜂对不同植物的拜访频次和单花访问时间不同,表明不同植物类群在蜜蜂吸引和种群维持中的贡献不同.园林植物已成为部分地区蜜蜂食物资源的重要组成部分,通过调整开花植物配置可以加强城市园林中观赏昆虫的招引和保护.     

中国蜜蜂寄生螨类新纪录

 蜂螨是危害蜜蜂的主要寄生虫,我国已记载大蜂螨(Varroa jacbsoni),小蜂螨(Tropliaelaps clareae),新曲厉螨(Neocyholaelaps indica).我们在进行蜜蜂资源考察过程中,在小蜜蜂属(Micrapis)蜂巢内新采得一种蜂螨,经鉴定为尚氏瓦螨(Euvarroa sinhai),为中国蜜蜂寄生螨类新纪录。     

Nectar secretion in winter oilseed rape, Brassica napus— quantitative and qualitative variability among 71 genotypes

The genotypic variability in nectar secretion among 71 genotypes of winter oilseed rapes was tested for floral nectar volume, sugar composition and concentration. Differences were found between seed quality genotypes: double low [99] oilseed rape varieties tended to secrete much more nectar than single low [0 +] and double high [++] varieties. Male-sterile lines (Ogura CMS) secreted one-half to one-third the amount of their isogenic male-fertile counterparts. Restored lines behaved as conventional rape varieties. On average, amounts of nectar were 2 μl/flower and ranged from 0.7 to 6 μl/flower. Among the genotypes under test, the male-sterile lines were not the least productive. The analysis of (Samourai) winter oilseed rape showed that total sugar concentrations in nectar were highest at the beginning of the flowering period (30g/100 ml) and lowest towards the end (10g/100 ml). At a given date, total sugar contents in nectar of [0 +] varieties were significantly higher than those of [++] varieties and were due to higher fructose contents. Differences between genotypes within the same type also occurred, depending on the day of sampling. Oilseed rape nectar was confirmed to be predominantly composed of hexose (glucose and fructose). From the results of these investigations, it is concluded that the opportunity exists to select oilseed rape genotypes, including male-sterile lines, that secrete sufficient amounts of nectar to attract honey-bees to ensure pollination of male-sterile lines for hybrid seed production.