Flatpea crossing methods and germplasm screening for reduced 2,4-diaminobutyric acid composition

Summary Flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.) is a potentially valuable forage legume, but it contains high levels of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (A₂bu), a compound that can have adverse effects on some animals, including rats and poultry. This study evaluated intercrossed pollination methodology needed for cultivar improvement and characterized intercrossed progeny for A₂bu concentration. Pollen germination on an artificial medium, using pollen collected during different stages of flower development, was used to identify appropriate stages for flower emasculation. Pollen dehiscence occurred at an early-bud stage when petal color was first evident. Slightly more mature buds contained pollen with substantially higher in vitro germination than pollen from early-bud stage flowers. Lines that produced high numbers of seeds per pollination were identified from crosses between flatpea accessions. Cross-pollination resulted in significantly higher seed set than selfing. Pollination using caged honeybees was the most efficient method of hybridization, although the degree of inbreeding in bee-pollinated plants could not be determined. Intercrossed progeny produced by honeybee pollination contained a lower mean concentration of foliar A₂bu than the mean for flatpea accessions.Abbreviations HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - OPA ortho-phthalaldehyde     

抗螨蜂种第一代蜂王适应性和繁殖能力研究

【目的】饲养观察抗螨蜂种第一代蜂王在云南的适应性和蜂群繁殖能力,为成功培育抗螨性能和生产性能双优的蜜蜂品种寻找突破点,为抗螨蜂种育种工作奠定基础。【方法】2010年8月上旬～2011年6月上旬,对抗螨蜂种第一代蜂王蜂群饲养适应性进行观察,秋季和春季蜂群繁殖时与浙大蜜浆高产蜂种第一代蜂王群的群势增殖能力进行测定比较。【结果】抗螨蜂种第一代蜂王适应性强,采集积极性高,蜂群最大群势可维持16．4脾（成蜂、幼虫、蛹的总和）。两个蜂种第一代蜂王繁殖后总数（成蜂、卵、幼虫、蛹）的增长分别达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）和显著水平（P〈0．05）。抗螨蜂种第一代蜂王繁殖前后总数净增长高于浙大蜜浆高产蜂种第一代蜂王,但差异不显著（P〉0．05）,只有成蜂量的净增长差异显著（P〈0．05）;抗螨蜂种第一代蜂王繁殖期间平均增长率整体上高于浙大蜜浆高产蜂种第一代蜂王（P〉0．05）。【结论】抗螨蜂种第一代蜂王的适应性强,秋繁和春繁繁殖能力强,比浙大蜜浆高产蜂种第一代蜂王繁殖稍好,可为全国进行抗螨蜂种的育种工作提供借鉴。     

蜜蜂球囊菌荧光PCR快速检测方法的建立及应用

以蜜蜂球囊菌ITS1、ITS2和5.8 S rDNA保守序列(U68313)为参考,设计一对特异性引物和一条TaqMan探针,建立了一种快速检测蜜蜂球囊菌的荧光PCR方法。该方法灵敏度达1 ng/μL的阳性DNA比常规PCR高10倍。检测的特异性高,与蜜蜂幼虫芽胞杆菌、蜂房蜜蜂球菌、蜜蜂败血杆菌无交叉反应,同时可避免常规PCR因电泳造成的污染。应用该方法对蜜蜂及蜂制品的实际样品和模拟样品进行检测,结果显示所建立的荧光PCR检测方法在4 h内即可报告结果,与传统病原菌分离培养、常规PCR相比较,该方法具有快速、灵敏、特异、重复性好等优点,可以用于蜜蜂及其制品中蜜蜂球囊菌的快速检测和进出境检疫。     

Reproduction of Hedysarum scoparium (Fabaceae) in patched habitat is pollen limited, but not just pollinator limited

Pollen limitation of plant reproduction occurs across Angiosperms,particularly those in patched habitats.We investigated the relationship between pollen limitation and patch variables (patch size,visitation frequency) in the desert plant Hedysarum scoparium (Fabaceae),which is an important xerophyte in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China and can grow well as a pioneer plant in shifting sand dunes.We observed insect visitation to H.scoparium over two flowering seasons and estimated pollen limitation using fruit set and seed production.Our results indicate that fruit set and seed production increased significantly with pollen supplementation compared with open pollination.Hedysarum scoparium was pollinated by over 8 species of bees,with 88.4% of visits made by introduced honeybees (Apis mellifera).Bee visitation varied significantly among the patches of habitats,but not associated with patch size of habitat.In general,pollen limitation occurred more strongly during fruit set than during seed production.The patches that received higher rates of pollinator visits were less pollen limited for fruit set.Pollen limitation for seed production,however,was not associated with pollinator visitation frequency.We conclude that pollen limitation in H.scoparium was caused by more than one reason,not just pollinator visits.     

基于AFLP技术的12个蜜蜂种群遗传多样性分析

 【目的】通过研究中国境内东方蜜蜂不同群体间及其与西方蜜蜂和大蜜蜂间的群体遗传多样性,深入了解蜜蜂种（群）间遗传变异及其分化状况,为蜜蜂种质资源的保护与合理开发利用提供理论依据。【方法】采用AFLP分子标记技术,用19对引物组合对中国10个省市的10个东方蜜蜂群体、1个大蜜蜂群体和1个西方蜜蜂群体共12个群体的基因池DNA进行分析。【结果】蜜蜂种间的遗传相似系数较低,而东方蜜蜂群体间的遗传相似系数较高。东方蜜蜂群体与意大利蜜蜂间的相似系数介于0.2335—0.2823,与大蜜蜂间的介于0.2439—0.2871;大蜜蜂与意大利蜜蜂间为0.2650。东方蜜蜂群体间为0.3639—0.6134。12个种群明显地分为3大分支,西方蜜蜂和大蜜蜂各为一个分支,东方蜜蜂群体为一大分支。东方蜜蜂群体中,吉林和江西的东方蜜蜂各为一分支;其它地区中,南部的海南、福建、广东和云南为一类群,北部的甘肃、山西、北京及南部的四川为一类群。【结论】大蜜蜂、东方蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂3个种群间遗传分化明显。东方蜜蜂群体间的遗传相似系数较高,其中,吉林东方蜜蜂可能为一个独特的生态型。     

香精油在蜂群抗螨中的应用

开发新的抗螨药物势在必行,而香精油及其组分具有显著的抑螨效果。百里酚(香精油的一种主要组分)及其一些组分,在实验室试验中其杀螨率一般都超过90%,而且对蜜蜂危害小,长期使用后在蜂蜜中的残留量很低,但要应用于养蜂生产,还有许多工作要做。对香精油在蜂群抗螨中的应用情况进行了综述。     

电取毒对蜜蜂个体生物学的影响

电击蜜蜂取毒的最佳电参数 :意大利蜜蜂为 35- 55V方波电压 ,中华蜜蜂为间息 30 - 50 V方波电压 .电取毒极显著地影响蜜蜂的个体寿命 ,加速蜜蜂的新陈代谢和蜂蜜消耗量 ,但巢顶取毒几乎不影响蜜蜂的采集活动 .电击取毒后的蜜蜂趋于温和 ,抗敌害的能力降低 .电取毒生产中移群再取毒时 ,把握好即时通电可避免电取毒对蜜蜂行为的一些不利影响     

昆明山海崇蜜对中蜂和意蜂生命力的影响

用相似糖浓度的昆明山海棠蜜与藿香蜜分别饲喂中蜂和意蜂（Apis cerana cerana,Apis mellifera ligustica）,比较2种蜜蜂的致死率,结果表明在第6天时饲喂山海棠蜜的中蜂致死率高达100％,饲喂藿香蜜的意蜂致死率则为（35．08±0．91）％,且存活时间最长。无论是中蜂还是意蜂,     

Description and Breeding Behavior of Two Partial Male Sterile Guar Plants

This investigation describes two partial male sterile plants of guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. (MS-1 and MS-II), and gives results of their hybridization with a fertile cultivar. Detectable natural crossing between MS-1 plants and a fertile cultivar averaged 20.6%, with maximum crossing of 70 %. Crossing between MS-II plants and a fertile culuvar averaged 5.0 5.0 % about the same as previously reported for fertile × fertile, crosses. Honeybees, Apis mellifera (L.), caged with MS-II plants and a fertile cultivar did not increase seed set on male sterile plants. Hand separation of mature pods into short- and long-pod groups was only partially effective in identifying hybrid seed produced on the male sterile plants.     

蜜蜂辅助授粉对新疆扁桃坐果率的影响

[目的]利用蜜蜂辅助授粉提高新疆扁桃的坐果率.[方法]以不放蜜蜂扁桃园为对照(CK),通过对扁桃园花期蜜蜂的放蜂量、放蜂时间和蜜蜂的传粉距离的比较研究.[结果]①放蜂量越大,扁桃的坐果率越高,花蕾露红期放蜂量为1箱/1 334 m2(2亩)时效果最宜,扁桃坐果率比对照提高了7.47倍,差异显著;②蜜蜂是沿花行进行采蜜的,距蜂箱越远扁桃坐果率越低,蜜蜂的传粉距离在100 m左右.[结论]新疆扁桃园放蜂可显著提高扁桃的坐果率,在扁桃花蕾露红期放蜂,放蜂量不少于1箱/1 334 m2(2亩),且每隔100 m摆放蜂箱.