海南省经济林下复合种植产业现状及发展对策

经济林下复合种植是近几年发展较快、能够调整农业结构、增加农民收入的发展模式。海南省发展经济林下复合种植具有明显的优势，同时也存在种植管理比较粗放、规模化和产业化程度低、资金投入相对不足、劳动力短缺等问题。为此提出发展对策，为经济林下复合种植提供借鉴。     

Assessing the effectiveness of manure export plus intensive silage cropping for lowering the Olsen‐P status of P‐enriched grassland

A substantial proportion of farmed grassland soils in Northern Ireland (NI) are overly enriched with P and pose a risk to water quality. To address this problem, manure could be exported rather than recycled to P‐enriched land and the latter intensively cropped with grass silage to deplete soil P. To assess the efficacy of such a strategy, a P‐ and K‐enriched grassland site was intensively cropped over a 6‐yr period with fertilizer N alone supplied to support silage growth. By year 6, soil P had declined from index 5 to index 3, and it was estimated that two more years of this management may bring it into the target index 2 range. Soil K, however, declined rapidly from index 4 to index 1 in just 4 yr, with the result that grass production became limited by K deficiency. It was concluded that nonrecycling of manure to P‐enriched grassland under silage management is probably the most effective strategy for lowering soil P status, but care must be taken to prevent K deficiency occurring.     

饲草作物对土壤健康与农业可持续发展的作用

饲草作物是指为增加土壤肥力,防止土壤侵蚀,累积和保护土层,增加土壤养分和含水率以及提高土壤质量而种植的植物。饲草作物为农田土壤提供了诸多益处,其还有助于增加和维持土壤中的微生物多样性。本文对多种饲草作物对土壤特性的作用,如土壤含水量、土壤微生物的活动、土壤碳固存、土壤硝态氮淋失、土壤水分和土壤健康等进行综述。饲草作物的选择通常取决于其自身对土壤的作用,其他考虑因素还包括天气条件,播种时间,是否为豆科植物以及杀灭饲草作物的时间和方法。研究表明,饲草作物也可用于减缓气候变化,抑制作物中的杂草,增加可交换的营养物质如Mg2+和K+,具有一定的经济性。另外,覆盖作物也会存在一些问题,包括杀灭覆盖作物的方法,其可能成为病原体的寄主,饲草作物的再生性以及短期收益不明显。尽管有一些局限,饲草作物仍被认为可以明显改善土壤整体健康状况,为主栽作物提供可持续的生态环境。     

Effect of feeding different sources of selenium on growth performance and antioxidant status of broilers

ABSTRACT

1. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different sources of selenium (Se) on breast and liver tissue deposition, apparent metabolisable energy (AME), growth performance and antioxidant status of broilers, measured as Se content in liver and breast tissues and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in blood, when used in 0–35 d broiler chicken diets.

2. A total of 200 male Ross 308 broilers were used in the feeding trial, which comprised two dietary phases, a starter from 0 to 21 d and finisher from 21 to 35 d of age. Four treatments with 10 replications each were used. A control diet (C) was formulated that was sufficient in protein and energy (230 and 215 g/kg of crude protein and 12.67 and 13.11 MJ/kg of metabolisable energy, respectively), for both phases, but contained background Se only from the feed ingredients. Diet 2 (IS) was supplemented with 10.35 g/t inorganic, elemental source of Se. Diet 3 (SY) was supplemented with 136.36 g/t selenised yeast, an organic source derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Diet 4 (SS) was supplemented with 0.666 g/t sodium selenite, an inorganic source.

3. Birds fed the SY diet consumed less and weighed less than those fed IS or C (P < 0.05; 0–35 d of age), but there was no difference compared to birds fed SS diets. There were no differences in FCR or dietary AME between broilers fed different Se sources. All diets containing supplementary Se increased concentrations in the liver and breast muscle, and for GSH-Px levels in blood compared to birds fed the C diet (P < 0.001). Birds fed SY diets had greater Se levels in liver and breast tissues compared to birds fed any of the other diets (P < 0.001).

4. Diets supplemented with Se had variable effects on broiler growth performances and antioxidant status. Feeding Se from a yeast source has higher transfer into breast tissues. Feeding different sources and levels of Se to birds in a more challenging situation to induce oxidative stress may bring more conclusive results.     

Anthropogenically disturbed potentially toxic elements in roadside topsoils of a suburban region of Bishkek,Central Asia

The ecological environment in Central Asia is vulnerable to pressure from human activity due to the physical geography and climatic fragility of this region. A set of indicators suitable for the future assessment of this pressure needs to be proposed. Thirty‐six topsoil samples (0–5 cm) were collected from roadsides in a suburban region of Bishkek, the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic in Central Asia, and a risk assessment of anthropogenically disturbed potentially toxic elements (PTEs) was systematically conducted with classic statistical methods. The results of detrended correspondence analysis and principal component analysis clearly showed that topsoil samples with high contents of PTEs (Pb, Zn and Cu) were strongly affected by traffic within a distance threshold of 200 m and that anthropogenic effects decreased significantly with increasing distance from the highway. The enrichment factor and anthropogenic contribution for Pb were the highest among the three PTEs, with average values of 2.0% and 47.4%, respectively, suggesting enrichment. However, the results of the human health risk assessment also indicated that noncarcinogenic risks did not occur for any of the anthropogenic PTEs. The reported method provides a new systematic pathway to reveal anthropogenic influences on the geochemical composition of soil. The conclusions of this work will be highly valuable as important guidelines for agriculture, and the results of the PTE contents will provide a scientific basis for soil collection in future studies.     

不同甜荞资源的营养保健成分研究

[目的]明确部分甜荞资源的营养保健成分含量,筛选出优质的甜荞资源。[方法]以产量较高的丰甜1号、平甜2号、纯甜1号、纯甜3号、纯甜4号、威甜1号、威甜2号和纯甜1408号为试验材料,测定了荞麦籽粒中总糖、还原糖、总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉、黄酮等含量,同时测定了籽粒的膨胀力和持水力。[结果]部分甜荞品种中可溶性蛋白、可溶性总糖、还原糖、总淀粉、支链淀粉、直链淀粉含量及持水力、膨胀力差异显著,而所有品种间黄酮含量的差异不显著。[结论]甜荞籽粒中淀粉含量较高,以支链淀粉为主。     

皖南黄肉种鸡种蛋中禽白血病病毒的感染状态检测

本研究首次通过检测种蛋中禽白血病病毒(ALV)评价了皖南黄父母代肉种鸡的ALV感染状态.收集该鸡群的120枚鸡蛋,取40枚鸡蛋孵化至9～11 d后分别制备CEF,培养10 d,取细胞上清用ELISA试剂盒检测ALV p27抗原.另取80枚鸡蛋卵白直接检测p27抗原,同时分别将80枚鸡蛋卵白接种CEF(DF1),培养10 d后取细胞上清检测p27抗原.比较p27阳性检出率的结果表明,受精蛋孵化9～11 d后制备CEF,再培养10 d的细胞上清检出率(10/36)高于直接检测卵白(17/80)与卵白接种CEF(DF1)的细胞上清(7/80).将经DF1培养后p27抗原阳性样品,用针对ALV-J的单抗JE9做IFA,ALV-J的阳性率为6/7.检测该80枚鸡蛋的卵黄抗体,ALV-J、ALV-AB的抗体阳性率分别为18/80、1/80.结果表明,该皖南黄父母代肉种鸡群存在的外源性ALV感染主要为ALV-J.该研究为ALV的净化提供了可行性检测方法.     

茶文化在高职林科类院校心理健康教育中的实践与探索

茶文化作为中华优秀传统文化的重要组成部分,其蕴含的心理健康教育思想内容丰富且历史悠久。近年来高校大学生数量激增,学生心理健康问题层出不穷,在高职院校中尤为凸显,且高职林科类院校中艰苦专业多,当前心理健康教育方式方法出现瓶颈,效果固化。通过茶文化中积极健康的思想,结合大学生心理健康教育教学,创新教育途径,探索并找到较好的实践运用手段,提高大学生的心理健康素质,促进大学生综合水平提高,具有较好现实意义和价值。     

浅析林业工程档案管理存在的问题及对策

对林业工程档案管理现状、存在问题进行了分析，对做好林业工程档案管理，实现制度化、规范化、科学化、信息化管理进行初步探讨。