物理农业工程技术在南药发展中的应用现状

近年来，物理农业在我国北方地区受到重视，并在一些农业产业投入和运用，其技术价值和优点在生产过程已显示出来。随着物理农业工程技术在国际与国内市场的不断完善和发展，有可能成为我国第四代农业发展方向。以云南为例，分析当前南药发展现状，充分论述利用当地气候资源、地理优势及物理农业工程技术优势发展云南南药的必要性。并预测在发展过程中将要面临的各种困难，最后提出运用物理农业工程技术发展南药产业的建议。     

茶园间作芳香植物罗勒和紫苏对茶园生态系统影响的研究

通过茶园间作芳香植物研究其对茶园害虫和天敌种群数量、土壤养分状况、茶树生长及茶叶生化成分等的影响,分析间作芳香植物对幼龄茶园的生态综合调控效果。幼龄茶园间种芳香植物能减少小贯小绿叶蝉和绿盲蝽的数量,增加茶园中瓢虫、草蛉、寄生蜂和蜘蛛等天敌的数量;芳香植物间作区土壤中铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾的含量高于绿肥间作区和对照;茶园间作芳香植物能在一定程度上促进茶树生长、培养幼龄茶园的树势和树冠、增加茶叶产量。茶园间作芳香植物能减少茶叶中茶多酚和咖啡碱含量,提高可溶性糖和儿茶素含量,改善茶叶品质。可见茶园间作芳香植物是一种具有较好生态效益的茶园栽培管理模式,能促进生态茶园的发展。     

农业绿色高效节水领域研究现状与思考

节水农业是水资源高效利用和农业可持续发展的重大问题，对于节约水资源具有极其重要的意义。为了解当前绿色农业高效节水领域的最新研究热点和发展趋势，本文梳理总结了我国现代化节水农业领域的基础背景、研究现状以及发展态势。结果表明，“灌溉设备与技术开发”、“农业用水精量调配与控制”、“作物高效用水机理”及“农业用水对环境变化的响应”等是近年来的研究热点，并建议开展水肥一体化智能技术与管理及其对作物、土壤、环境、社会等综合效应等的相关研究，以期为我国农业绿色高质量发展提供帮助。     

食用菌在京郊都市生态循环农业中的应用

食用菌产业主要利用农林业生产中的秸秆、枝杈等副产品,生产口味鲜美、营养丰富的食用菌,为农民创造了可观的经济收入;同时减少了秸秆的剩余量,降低了焚烧秸秆对环境的污染;食用菌采收后的菌渣还可生产出大量的有机肥,有利地促进了有机农业的发展。近年来,食用菌产业在京郊广泛推广,在工厂化栽培、农民散户栽培的基础上,依据北京地区气候特点,开展了反季节栽培、林下仿生栽培等各种新模式。着重介绍了食用菌产业在生态循环农业中的作用,目前京郊食用菌产业的基本情况,并以通州区、昌平区为例,介绍京郊食用菌工厂化栽培、反季节栽培与林下仿生栽培模式。     

推进种养结合的制约因素及政策建议

随着粮食增产的迫切需求和化肥工业的快速发展,我国种植业与养殖业养分物质循环断裂,推进种养结合成为实现农业绿色发展重要途径。但目前,我国从农户层面以及区域层面都存在着种植与养殖之间的纽带断裂,造成了农业资源利用的错位,也产生了资源环境双重压力。推进种养结合的堵点主要表现在养殖场责任尚未压实、有机肥施用不便利、堆肥质量标准缺失、社会化服务体系不完善等多方面。本文结合对国内和国际上推进种养结合的典型做法的分析,在强化提升国家粮食安全保障能力的大背景下,从优化种养布局规划、压实养殖主体责任、强化科技支撑、培育社会化服务组织等方面提出了当前构建全新的种养循环体系的建议。     

加强国家农业重大科技基础设施建设刍议

国家重大科技基础设施是国家为在科学技术前沿取得重大突破、解决经济社会发展和国家安全中的战略性、基础性和前瞻性科技问题而投资建设的科学技术研究设施。加强农业领域国家重大科技基础设施建设,对提升我国农业科技创新能力,强化科技对现代农业的支撑与引领作用等具有战略意义。     

Prevention and Controlling Effect of Intercropping on Pests and Diseases and Its Risk Control in Cotton Fields

Cotton is one of the major field crops which are seriously threatened by pests and diseases. In recent years, the ecological management of cotton pests and diseases with intercropping has become to be an interesting approach. Intercropping possibly increases the population of natural enemies and finally reduces the population density of pests as a result of changes in ecological structure and environmental conditions of farmland. Intercropping thus has been considered an important alternative in controlling pests and diseases. However, cotton field intercropping also has some limitations in controlling pests and diseases. Unreasonable intercropping system has many risks such as increasing labor input, increasing the difficulty of pests’ control, and aggravating pests and diseases. In this paper, the effects and the underlying mechanisms of cotton intercropping on cotton pests and diseases were reviewed. The possible risks and countermeasures used for ecological control of intercropping were also put forward, and the future and application of ecological management of cotton pests and diseases with intercropping were prospected.     

网络对农业高校大学生学习的影响及对策

网络现已成为大学生日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。网络所具有的资源丰富、快速便捷等特点给大学生带来了很多积极影响,但是网络所带来的消极影响也不容小觑。通过对农业院校大学生学习情况的调查,研究并总结了网络对大学生学习的积极和消极影响。针对网络对大学生学习的负面影响提出了几点应对之策。     

劳动力老龄化对我国农业生产效率的影响

针对我国农村人口老龄化现象不断加剧,致使农业劳动力供给质量下降等问题,以2009年农村固定观察点数据为依据,分析我国农业劳动力老龄化现状,并利用柯布道格拉斯生产函数研究劳动力老龄化对农业生产效率的影响。结果表明:我国农业生产中存在严重的老龄化现象,60岁以上的劳动力占18.42%;与年轻劳动力相比,老龄劳动力的生产效率明显较低,老龄农户不仅主要生产要素的边际产值低于非老龄农户,而且耕种面积以及其他各生产要素的投入水平也均低于非老龄户,这说明农业老龄化严重制约着我国农业的发展。     

Incorporating local ecological knowledge into urban riparian restoration in a mountainous region of Southwest China

Modern cities use straightened and concrete watercourses with simple greening for riparian zones, which has been criticised for insensitivity to natural system integrity and cultural identity. This increases the challenge to urban ecologists, landscape designers and managers to conceive innovative and effective design solutions that do not jeopardise hydraulic efficiency yet are culturally acceptable to local communities. This paper introduces the field of local ecological knowledge (LEK) as rich sources of inspiration and design solutions to meet this challenge. LEK refers to knowledge and practices of various local cultures about the relationship of living beings (including humans) with their environments. Wepropose a pragmatic framework that integrates LEK with modern landscape design. It includes steps: (1) investigate existing practices, skills andmeasures relating to LEK; (2) explore how and whereLEKcan inspire or integrate withdesign. Here we propose three aspects for integration in accordance with the nature of landscaping process: overall structure, component and maintenance.(3)evaluate and test the integration in terms of its acceptability by local communities. Taking the riparian revegetation project of Hanfeng Lake Urban Wetland Park (Chongqing Municipality) as an example, we illustrate the utility of this framework. 11 local common practices relating to LEK were identified. According to thethree aspects for integration, alternative design solutions were offered. The survey showed that LEK based designwas more highly valued than other conventional ways in terms of useracceptance. We conclude that LEK provides actionable ecologically sound and culturally desirablesolutions for urbanlandscape. We also recognise that LEK evolveswith changing environments and new harmonious and dynamic human-nature relationships arecontinually re-forming. The process of acquisition and application of LEK could encourage multidisciplinary and synthetic approaches to urban ecosystems. Such adaptability and interdisciplinary engagementare crucial totoday’schanging and complexurban environments.