鹿特异性复合麻醉剂对大鼠不同脑区ATP酶活性的影响

为研究鹿特异性复合麻醉剂麻醉与大鼠各脑区突触体ATP酶活性的关系,探讨其麻醉机理。将20只SD大鼠分为对照组和麻醉组,对照组大鼠腹腔注射30mL/kg生理盐水,试验组腹腔注射30mg/kg鹿特异性复合麻醉剂,采集大鼠各脑区,利用比色法测定脑区内Na＋-K＋-ATP、Ca2＋-AT P和Mg2＋-ATP酶活性。结果显示,药物作用后大鼠大脑皮层和脑干Na＋、K＋-ATP酶活性与对照组比较降低显著（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,小脑、脑干和海马Ca2＋-ATP酶活性与对照组比较显著降低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,大脑Mg2＋-AT P酶活性低于对照组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结果表明,麻醉引起大鼠大脑皮层、脑干中Na＋-K＋-ATP酶活性降低,大脑皮层中Mg2＋-ATP酶活性低,小脑、脑干和海马脑区中Ca2＋-ATP酶活性降低可能是鹿特异性复合麻醉剂麻醉作用的机理之一。     

圈养马麝的刻板行为

由于受饲喂制度、圈养活动场面积及环境异质性等因紊的影响,甘肃兴隆山麝场的圈养马麝有刻板行为发育。每次行为取样持续时间为5 min,表达强度为(2．169±0．933)s(n=54)。食物形态(精料)及饲料的定时定量等导致圈养马麝的摄食动机受挫,直接引起嗜食异物和刻板舔刮等口部刻板行为的表达。圈养环境下的活动限制则直接导致马麝发育及展现狂奔、往返走、立台、跳墙和搭蹄凝视等运动性刻板行为型。刻板行为表达强度的比较分析表明,兴隆山圈养马麝的刻板行为表达持续时间在各月间存在差异,但不显著,繁殖季节的刻板行为表达强度显著高于非繁殖季节。     

梅花鹿源BVDV NS2-3基因重要区的克隆与序列分析

根据牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)NADL株的序列设计并合成1对引物,对从吉林不同地区分离的4株梅花鹿源BVDV(CCSYD株、CC JYD株、CCKCD株和JLCYD株)的N S2-3基因进行RT-PCR扩增,并对扩增的片段进行序列分析。结果表明,国内梅花鹿源BVDV CCSYD株属基因Ib亚型,CC JYD株、CCKCD株和JLCYD株属基因型待定。     

初生仔马鹿体尺和体重的聚类与主成分分析

对55只初生仔马鹿的14个体尺性状指标进行聚类与主成分分析,结果表明,聚类与主成分分析的结果是一致的,都可以把14个性状指标根据相似性关系分为胸部因子、尻部因子、头部因子和尾部因子共4类,并根据累积贡献率和特征向量在信息含量表达式中的大小,选出体重、胸围、体斜长、体高、尻宽、头宽、尾长为代表性的性状指标.     

Effects of adding a commercial capsaicin fertilizer on the feeding behavior of sika deer (Cervus nippon)

We investigated the inhibitory effect of capsaicin fertilizer on feeding in deer. We tested four captive adult female deer. In Experiment 1, in addition to the treatment (intact) containing only a solid feed (HC), we mixed the fertilizer not containing capsaicin (F) or the capsaicin fertilizer (CF) in the solid feed. In addition, the solid feed was put on a wire net that capsaicin fertilizer was placed 5 cm below (SCF). We investigated their feeding behavior response. In Experiment 2, we changed the amount of substance (fertilizer and capsaicin fertilizer) mixed in the HC. We mixed different amounts (0, 50, 100, and 200 g) of the treatments other than the intact with HC and presented them to the deer, and investigated their feeding behavior response. In Experiment 1, intake in the F and CF decreased (p < .05). In Experiment 2, HC intake was significantly lower in the 100 and 200 g CF (p < .05). However, HC intake relatively increased by the last day in the CF 200 g too. The capsaicin fertilizer decreased the feeding behavior of deer by directly touching the mucous membranes of the deer nose and lips. However, the effects were decreased over time.     

塔里木马鹿干旱环境适应相关基因的筛选、克隆及生物信息学分析

为了探讨塔里木马鹿（Cervus elaphus yarkandensis）干旱环境适应相关基因的结构特征和相关功能,从前期的塔里木马鹿全基因组重测序结果中,筛选获得塔里木马鹿过氧化物氧化还原酶3（thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase,PRDX3）基因的序列,对该基因在塔里木马鹿不同组织中的表达情况进行分析,同时对塔里木马鹿PRDX3基因编码区（CDS）序列进行克隆测序,运用相关软件进行同源性比对、构建系统进化树及生物信息学分析。结果显示,塔里木马鹿PRDX3基因在肾脏组织中的基因表达水平极显著高于肺脏和肝脏组织（P<0.01）;塔里木马鹿PRDX3基因CDS序列长660 bp。同源性比对和系统进化树分析结果表明,塔里木马鹿与白尾鹿（GenBank登录号：XM_020875097.1）同源性最高,且遗传距离最近;与褐家鼠（GenBank登录号：NM_022540.1）同源性最低,且遗传距离最远。塔里木马鹿PRDX3蛋白分子质量为24.42 ku,由220个氨基酸组成,不稳定系数为25.36,理论等电点（pI）为5.82,脂溶系数为85.50,总平均亲水性为-0.05,存在O-糖基化位点,具有丰富的磷酸化位点,但是不存在N-糖基化位点、跨膜区及信号肽,最可能位于线粒体中,二级结构和三级结构主要由α-螺旋和无规则卷曲组成,包含PRX_Typ2cys超家族保守结构域,与多种蛋白存在相对较强的相互作用。本研究为后续的塔里木马鹿功能基因的研究奠定基础。     

不同生长阶段吉林梅花鹿血液生理生化指标分析

本试验通过研究吉林梅花鹿不同生长阶段血液生理生化指标的差异情况,旨在为梅花鹿的健康检测、疾病防治、育种等提供依据和参考。选取吉林省左家、双阳、东丰地区哺乳仔鹿93头（公37头,母56头）、育成鹿135头（公40头,母95头）、成年鹿130头（公42头,母88头）,共358头,进行13项血液生理指标、19项生化指标检测。结果显示：哺乳公鹿与哺乳母鹿各项指标总体上差异不大,仅红细胞系统指标、血糖、肌酸激酶具有显著性差异（P<0.05）;红细胞压积、红细胞平均体积、平均血红蛋白含量、平均血红蛋白浓度、碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶在不同性别的育成鹿与成年鹿中差异极显著（P<0.01）。不同生长阶段公鹿天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、前白蛋白、总胆汁酸、血糖等差异显著（P<0.05）,红细胞系统、肌酸激酶、钙、无机磷、肌酐等差异极显著（P<0.01）,白蛋白、淀粉酶差异不显著（P>0.05）;不同生长阶段的母鹿淋巴细胞总数、红细胞总数、中性粒细胞总数差异显著（P<0.05）,白细胞总数、红细胞系统指标、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、肌酸激酶、钙、无机磷等差异极显著（P<0.01）,谷氨酰转肽酶、总胆汁酸、白蛋白差异不显著（P>0.05）。以上结果说明,不同生长阶段、不同性别的梅花鹿血液生理生化指标存在较大变异,部分指标的差异可能与梅花鹿生茸、性别等生物学特性有关。对上述生理生化指标的测定,获得了不同性别的梅花鹿在不同生长阶段生理生化指标的参考范围,可为梅花鹿选种育种、疾病诊断、资源开发利用提供一定的参考,也可为野生东北梅花鹿资源保护和健康评估提供依据。     

马鹿特异性SNP分子标记的验证

试验旨在对基于基因分型测序（genotyping by sequencing,GBS）技术筛选出的马鹿特异性SNPs位点的准确性进行验证,为梅花鹿、马鹿及其杂交后代的鉴别提供可靠的分子遗传标记。随机选取30个马鹿特异性SNPs位点,根据SNPs位点前后各200 bp的序列,利用Primer Premier 6.0软件设计特异性引物,以随机选取的验证样本DNA作为模板进行PCR扩增,并进行Sanger测序,对测序结果利用BioEdit软件进行峰图的观察,利用Mega 6.0软件对测序得到的序列进行比对分析并观察每个特异性SNP位点在不同验证群体中的基因型,对每一个马鹿特异性位点的峰图和比对信息进行统计分析。结果表明,30个马鹿特异性位点中有28个和前期研究结果一致,其中1个SNP位点（SNP3）中G等位基因在梅花鹿中的基因频率为0.05,而G等位基因在马鹿中的基因频率为1,G等位基因在马鹿个体中的基因频率比在梅花鹿个体中高,同时,利用SPSS 22.0进行统计分析发现,该位点在马鹿和梅花鹿中基因型分布表现出显著性差异（P<0.05）;另外1个SNP位点（SNP5）中T等位基因在梅花鹿的基因频率为0.15,而在马鹿中的基因频率为1,且这个SNP位点在梅花鹿和马鹿中基因型分布差异显著（P<0.05）,所以这2个位点仍然可以作为马鹿的特异性SNPs位点。研究结果说明了GBS测序筛选出的马鹿特异性SNPs可以作为鉴定的分子标记,对梅花鹿、马鹿及其杂交后代的鉴别奠定了理论基础。     

Competitor densities,habitat, and weather: effects on interspecific interactions between wild deer species

There is a growing interest on the potential interplay between weather, habitat, and interspecific competition on population dynamics of wild herbivores. Favorable environmental conditions may buffer the negative effects of competition; conversely, competition may be expected to be stronger under harsh environmental conditions. We investigated relationships between competitor abundance, weather, and habitat cover on density and local distribution of a medium-sized herbivore, the roe deer Capreolus capreolus, as well as its spatial overlap with fallow deer Dama dama in a Mediterranean protected area. Over 11 years (2007–2017), roe deer density was not affected by spring–summer rainfall in the previous year and decreased with increasing density of fallow deer in the previous year. Hence, over the considered temporal scale, results supported a major role of competition over weather in influencing population trends of roe deer. At a finer spatial scale, roe deer occupancy was negatively affected by local abundance of fallow deer, especially in “poorer” habitats. We found a slight support for a positive effect of fallow deer density on interspecific spatial overlap. Moreover, fine-scale spatial overlap between deer species increased with decreasing rainfall in spring–summer. Fallow deer were introduced to our study area in historical times and their role as superior competitors over roe deer has been found also in other study areas. We suggest a potential role of harsh weather conditions during the growing season of vegetation (i.e. scarce rainfall) in triggering the potential for ecological overlap, emphasizing the negative effects of interspecific competition.     

A natural experiment on the effects of high deer densities on the native flora of coastal temperate rain forests

The introduction of Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis Merriam) to Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands, BC, Canada) in the late 19th century, provided an opportunity to understand the long-term effects of deer populations on the vegetation of temperate rain forests in the absence of their natural predators wolves (Canis lupus L.), and cougars (Puma concolor L.). Using seven small islands with different browsing histories (no deer, deer for <20 years, deer for >50 years), we tested the long-term effects of high deer densities on plant cover and species richness in the understorey of forest interior and forest edge habitats. Overall vegetation cover exceeded 80% in the lower vegetation layers on islands without deer and was less than 10% on the islands with deer for more than 50 years. Although overall plant species richness was similar on islands with or without deer, plant species richness at the plot scale (314 m²) was reduced by 20-50% on islands with deer for >50 years. The differences were most pronounced for the species-rich edge communities and among herb and shrub species. These results suggest that in the absence of predators, deer have the potential to greatly simplify the forest ecosystem.