卵巢运输保存温度和时间对野生梅花鹿卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

以屠宰日本北海道野生梅花鹿(Cervus nippon Temminck)卵巢为材料,研究了卵巢不同保存温度(20～25 ℃,10～15 ℃)和时间(12 h,24 h)及卵母细胞周围的卵丘细胞层对卵母细胞体外成熟的影响.结果表明,卵巢在20～25 ℃下保存12 h,卵母细胞成熟率为77%,无变形卵子出现,但其保存时间延长到24 h时,卵母细胞成熟率降至35%,变形率高达62%;而在10～15 ℃下保存12 h,卵母细胞成熟率为45%,卵母细胞变形率为18%,但10～15 ℃保存24 h与20～25 ℃保存24 h相比,卵母细胞变形率却很低(35%,62%)(P<0.05).周围卵丘细胞层3层以上和少于3层的卵母细胞中,48%～53%的受精卵都能正常地卵裂,但前者获得了13%的囊胚率,后者未发育至囊胚(P<0.05).     

精饲料补充料对生茸期梅花鹿营养物质消化率及产茸性能的影响

为探讨不同精饲料补充料对生茸期梅花鹿营养物质消化率的影响,选择健康、年龄一致、体重相近的141头生茸期公鹿,随机分成3组,每组分别为48,45,48头,饲喂3种不同组成的精料。日粮精粗比均为35∶65。结果表明:生茸期成年公鹿干物质、有机物质采食量、蛋白质、粗纤维消化率随日粮中蛋白水平的提高而提高,采用Ⅰ组试验日粮(粗蛋白含量20.05%的精饲料配方)时,采食量及营养物质的消化率最高;在试验设计范围内,日粮精饲料补充料水平对鹿茸产量无显著影响(P0.05)。     

林麝粪便细菌多样性研究

为研究林麝粪便细菌的结构与组成,选取6只2~3岁的圈养条件相同且健康的公林麝,饲喂精粗比为2∶8的饲粮,收集其新鲜粪便,提取其总DNA,然后用16SrRNA细菌通用引物进行PCR扩增,并用Illumina Miseq250PE测序平台,对扩增子进行Miseq双端测序。结果显示:1)借助Illumina Miseq250PE测序平台对样品进行测序,共获得85 091条有效序列,5 133个有效OTU。2)所得OTU经物种注释被归类为23个门,其中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(51.1%±19.9%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)(35.6%±15.5%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(5.2%±5.6%)和未分类菌门(*Unassigned)(2.2%±1.0%)为优势菌门,其总和达到菌群相对含量的94.1%;将其进一步分为240个菌属,其中18个为共享菌属,拟杆菌目(*Bacteroidales)(16.5%±10.2%)、瘤胃菌科(*Ruminococcaceae)(14.7%±13.8%)和梭菌目(*Clostridiales)(13.7%±3.9%)含量相对较高。3)OTUs稀释曲线均未达到平台期,说明测序深度不足以覆盖所有的菌群。4)非加权聚类图(PUGMA)显示样品B和E、C和F的菌群多样性相似度较高,而样品A和其他样品的相似度相对较低。由此可见,在正常状态下,健康林麝粪便分布有23个门类细菌群落,以Firmicutes、Bacteroidetes和Proteobacteria为优势菌群,进一步将林麝粪便细菌群落细分为240个属且发现林麝个体间菌群差异性较小且与其他草食动物优势菌群结构相似。     

Evaluation of the genetic structure of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan's Kanto and Tanzawa mountain areas,based on microsatellite markers

The browsing habits of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan have caused serious ecological problems. Appropriate management of sika deer populations requires understanding the different genetic structures of local populations. In the present study, we used 10 microsatellite polymorphisms to explore the genetic structures of sika deer populations (162 individuals) living in the Kanto region. The expected heterozygosity of the Tanzawa mountain range population (Group I) was lower than that of the populations in the Kanto mountain areas (Group II). Our results suggest that moderate gene flow has occurred between the sika deer populations in the Kanto mountain areas (Group II), but not to or from the Tanzawa mountain range population (Group I). Also, genetic structure analysis showed that the Tanzawa population was separated from the other populations. This is probably attributable to a genetic bottleneck that developed in the Tanzawa sika deer population in the 1950s. However, we found that the Tanzawa population has since recovered from the bottleneck situation and now exhibits good genetic diversity. Our results show that it is essential to periodically evaluate the genetic structures of deer populations to develop conservation strategies appropriate to the specific structures of individual populations at any given time.     

Spatial and temporal characteristics of the damage caused by wild ungulates in maize (Zea mays L.) crops

Agricultural damage caused by wild ungulates can be economically very important worldwide. In Europe, the impact of wild ungulates causes significant losses to crops, mainly to maize, where it exceeds billions of US dollars annually. The objective of this study was to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of damage caused by wild boar and red deer to maize, in order to propose efficient prevention and mitigation of losses to agricultural producers worldwide. The study was carried out in three forests neighbouring maize fields in two different areas. We recorded data on the proportion, type and the location of the damage by ungulates within the fields. According to our results the damage varied greatly along the vegetation growth period (from green plant to corncob), likely due to the changes in the food supply provided by maize. The proportion of damaged plants increased through the growing season and was probably affected by the appearance of corncobs. Seventy to 90% of the total damage occurred within a 300 m distance to the forest edge. Considering these findings, we propose to arrange a protocol for damage prevention based on damage risk maps.     

湟源县麝资源现状及保护初探

介绍了湟源县麝资源现状,分析了资源减少的原因,提出了保护建议。     

鹿眠宝对梅花鹿麻醉效果的试验观察

鹿眠宝是针对养鹿业及野生动物医学、科学在鹿科动物麻醉方面的迫切需求,而研制的鹿特异性复合麻醉剂。试验主要研究该复合制剂的麻醉效果及其对鹿主要生理机能的影响,为鹿眠宝下一步在临床、科研及生产中广泛应用奠定基础。选取7头梅花鹿,颈部肌肉注射鹿眠宝,剂量为0.02 mL.kg-1,于注药前和注药后5、15、30、45、60、75、90、105 min,进行麻醉监测,监测镇静、镇痛、肌松等麻醉指标。结果表明,鹿眠宝对梅花鹿的麻醉效果确实,镇静、镇痛、肌松效应均衡,脉搏血氧饱和度(90%以上)充裕,对机体正常呼吸和循环功能影响轻微。     

不同形式铜对雄性梅花鹿血清生化指标及营养物质消化率的影响

本文旨在研究不同形式铜对雄性梅花鹿血清生化指标及营养物质消化率的影响,进而筛选出在梅花鹿日粮中铜的最适宜添加形式.选取20头2年生梅花鹿随机分成4组(A组、B组、C组和D组),按照能量相近、营养物质一致、铜添加量均为10 mg/kg(铜离子)的基础下,研究硫酸铜(B组)、柠檬酸铜(C组)和蛋氨酸铜(D组)3种铜源对雄性梅花鹿血清生化指标及营养物质消化率的影响.试验结果表明:1)蛋氨酸螫合铜组对干物质、粗蛋白质及钙的消化率高于另外3组(P>0.05);蛋氨酸螯合铜组对磷的消化率极显著高于其对照组和硫酸铜组(P<0.01);2)蛋氨酸铜组血清铜含量极显著高于另外3组(P<0.01),毛中铜含量高于基础日粮组和硫酸铜组(P<0.05),粪中铜含量低于硫酸铜组和柠檬酸铜组(P<0.01);3)不同铜源影响总蛋白质、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),各组间血糖含量差异不显著(P>0.05);4)蛋氨酸铜组铜蓝蛋白活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于基础日粮组(P<0.05).结果表明,梅花鹿饲粮中最适宜的添加铜源为蛋氨酸铜.     

麝养殖场选择和圈舍建设研究

为给麝养殖场提出科学规范的选场、圈舍建设方案,通过多年对麝养殖圈舍布局和结构的研究,结果表明:海拔、纬度、气温、植被等是选场的重要因素。场址及圈舍结构与养殖效果关系密切,建在海拔2600m以上的养麝场养殖效果差;建在海拔1200～1500m的养殖效果好,成体麝成活率达95%以上,比前者提高约20%,幼麝成活率达93%,比前者提高约23%。     

年龄和性别对圈养马麝非交配季节行为持续时间的效应(英文)

    采用焦点取样和连续记录方法,对甘肃兴隆山麝场的圈养马麝(Moschus sifanicus)进行行为观察和记录.行为取样涉及30头雌性马麝(25头成体雌麝,5头亚成体雌麝)和24头雄性马麝(17头成体雄麝,7头亚成体雄麝).记录静卧、站立凝视、运动、摄食、反刍、蹭尾、粪尿标记、环境探究、尾阴探究、亲和、打斗及自我指向行为等12个行为类的发生持续时间,分析年龄和性别对圈齐马麝非交配季节行为持续时间的效应.结果表明,在非交配季节,由于雌麝的哺乳育幼及雌麝和幼麝间的社会行为,雌麝比雄麝展现较少的卧息(P<0.01)和较多的亲和行为(P<0.05);由于雌麝在非交配季节的育幼需求及伴随的警觉性增加,成体雌麝比亚成体雌麝的摄食时间极显著减少(P<0.01),警觉行为显著增多(P<0.05);相比亚成体雄麝,成体雄麝的蹭尾行为持续时间极显著地增多,打斗行为和尾阴嗅闻行为的持续时间也显著较多(P<0.05).行为比较结果表明,圈养马麝各年龄性别组的行为持续时间存在差异,成年雌麝在哺乳期摄食时间相对较少,其育幼投资策略可能是提高摄食效率和警觉行为表达强度.