益生菌对类风湿关节炎的改善作用研究进展

类风湿关节炎是一种威胁全球人类健康的自身免疫性疾病,肠道菌群的平衡与类风湿关节炎密切相关。由于益生菌在改善肠道菌群紊乱、恢复正常肠道菌群中发挥重要作用,因此给益生菌治疗类风湿关节炎提供了可能。本文综述类风湿关节炎病因、机制及患者肠道菌群的变化,总结近年来益生菌在治疗类风湿关节炎中的研究现状,为进一步临床试验和今后的应用提供依据。     

武夷山不同森林类型土壤微生物分布状况的研究

对武夷山 3个不同森林类型的土壤微生物数量和类群组成变化进行了定位研究和观察。结果表明 :不同森林类型土壤异养微生物数量和组成比例都有明显差异 ,即使在同一森林类型条件下土壤剖面的不同层次都有其优势和特殊的细菌属、真菌属以及相对密度     

Interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance,haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks

The interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance, haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks were investigated using 250‐day‐old cockerel chicks previously reared for 7 days pre‐experimental period. Birds were fed with commercial chick mash during the pre‐experimental period. At the expiration of this period, 192 chicks were selected on weight equalization basis and assigned into 24 pens. Each treatment consisted of six pens, while each pen housed eight birds. Four wheat–soya bean‐based experimental diets were formulated in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diets having two wheat forms (ground and whole wheat grain) each supplemented or not with 1 g/kg MOS/kg feed. Whole wheat feeding (irrespective of MOS supplementation) showed reduced (p < 0.05) feed intake. Birds fed whole wheat diet supplemented with MOS recorded the highest (p < 0.01) final live weight, weight gain and the best (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio. Haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and red blood cell count of the chicks were not affected (p > 0.05) by dietary treatment. However, dietary supplementation with MOS resulted in increased (p < 0.05) WBC counts. The caecum content of chicks fed with MOS‐supplemented whole wheat diets recorded the least (p < 0.01) salmonella counts. In conclusion, combination of whole wheat feeding and MOS supplementation showed improved growth performance, gut microbiota and indications of improved health status of cockerel chicks.     

热应激对肉鸡回肠菌群的影响因素研究

【目的】 探究热应激如何影响肉鸡的肠道微生物组成和结构,为研究缓解热应激的不利影响提供依据。【方法】 将144羽体重接近（1 771±40）g的35日龄AA雄性肉鸡随机分为3个处理组。3个处理组分别为适温对照组（TC）、高温组（HT）和适温采食配对组（PF）。TC组舱内温度维持（21±1）℃,肉鸡自由采食;HT组舱内温度维持（31±1）℃,自由采食;PF组舱内温度维持（21±1）℃,根据HT肉鸡的采食量饲喂。温度及限饲处理共持续7 d。【结果】 研究发现,与TC组相比,HT组肉鸡的采食量和日增重显著降低（P<0.01）,料重比显著提高（P<0.01）,PF组肉鸡采食量和日增重显著降低（P<0.01）。HT组的采食量与PF组相似,但日增重显著低于PF组（P<0.05）,料重比高于PF组（P<0.05）。表明即使采食量相同,高温仍显著降低肉鸡体增重,这与高温降低饲料转化效率有关。与TC组相比,HT组肉鸡的体核温度（P=0.079）和血清皮质酮水平（P=0.071）有升高趋势,PF组肉鸡体核温度和血清皮质酮水平与TC组相似（P>0.05）。与TC组相比,HT组和PF组肉鸡回肠前段菌群sobs、Chao1和Shannon指数均显著升高（P<0.05）,而HT组和PF组的α多样性指数无显著性差异。主坐标分析（PCoA）显示,HT组和PF组基本聚集在一起,与TC组有明显的分离。相似性分析也证实了这一趋势。相关分析发现,肉鸡的采食量和PCoA的主坐标1之间存在显著相关（R = 0.786, P<0.001）,而肉鸡体核温度或血清皮质酮和主坐标1之间无显著相关（P>0.05）。LEfSe分析发现（Score ≥3）,HT组和TC组之间存在18个特异属。PF组肉鸡回肠中这18个属的相对丰度与HT组接近,与TC组同样存在显著差异。另外,回肠前段优势菌属中（TOP50）,采食量与其中30个属的相对丰度显著相关,而体核温度和血清皮质酮仅与其中个别属的相对丰度相关。【结论】 HT组与PF组肉鸡的体核温度和血清皮质酮存在明显差异,但采食量相同,结果回肠菌群的结构和组成相似;TC组与PF组肉鸡的体核温度和血清皮质酮相似,仅采食量显著不同,结果回肠菌群的结构和组成明显不同。表明持续热应激对肉鸡回肠前段菌群的影响主要与采食量降低有关,与体温或血清皮质酮升高无显著关系。相关分析的结果也证明了这一结论。     

稻田和池塘养殖模式对中华绒螯蟹肠道菌群、免疫酶活及肌肉游离氨基酸的影响

为了探究稻田和池塘养殖模式对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)肠道菌群、免疫力和肌肉风味影响,选取同一批次稻田和池塘的中华绒螯蟹在5月和10月对其肠道菌群、免疫酶活和肌肉游离氨基酸进行测定。结果表明：中华绒螯蟹肠道优势菌群为软壁菌门、拟杆菌门、变形菌门和厚壁菌门。在季节和养殖模式均对蟹的肠道菌群造成影响的情况下,季节变化对菌群变化的影响更大。从5月到10月,稻田养殖模式下中华绒螯蟹肠道菌群的丰富度和多样性均出现上升趋势,而池塘养殖模式下肠道菌群的丰富度和多样性则无显著变化。两种养殖模式下中华绒螯蟹肠道中的SOD (超氧化物歧化酶)在5月的活性均高于10月(P <0.05);在10月,池塘模式下的免疫酶活性LZM（溶菌酶）和ACP（酸性磷酸酶）显著高于稻田模式(P< 0.05)。各组肌肉中均检测出17种游离氨基酸,呈味氨基酸中甜味氨基酸含量(TSAA)>总苦味氨基酸(TBAA)>总鲜味氨基酸(TUAA),且池塘养殖模式下中华绒螯蟹肌肉中TSAA和总游离氨基酸TFAA高于稻田养殖模式下含量(P< 0.05)。因此,池塘养殖模式较稻田养殖模式下的中华绒螯蟹肠道菌群时间上更稳定,免疫酶活更强,肌肉风味更优。     

苦参碱不同给药途径对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

为探究苦参碱灌胃和腹腔注射不同给药途径对肠道菌群的影响,将昆明小鼠随机分为4组,分别为生理盐水腹腔注射组(NCip)、生理盐水灌胃组(NCig)、苦参碱腹腔注射组(MTip)及苦参碱灌胃组(MTig),连续给药5d后,收集各组粪便,进行小鼠肠道微生物α多样性指数分析和β多样性分析,利用LEfSe和Metastats分析不同组间肠道菌群的差异。结果表明:灌胃和腹腔注射苦参碱的不同给药方式对小鼠肠道菌群的α多样性指数及β多样性的影响差异不显著(P0.05);LEfSe分析发现,与灌胃苦参碱相比,腹腔注射苦参碱组的小鼠肠道有益菌拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)、调节机体代谢的另枝菌属(Alistipes)丰度显著增加(P0.05);Metastats分析发现,与灌胃苦参碱相比,苦参碱腹腔注射组的小鼠肠道与结肠炎相关的脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、[Eubacterium]_fissicatena_group丰度显著降低(P0.05)。综上,不同给药途径会引起肠道菌群的差异,相比于灌胃给予苦参碱,通过腹腔注射给予苦参碱更有利于优化肠道菌群的结构及功能。     

生物活性肽调节断奶仔猪肠道健康

断奶是养猪业中最具挑战性的阶段,对仔猪生长性能及之后的发育有着重要的影响。断奶对仔猪的肠道发育和健康带来了极大的挑战,可能会导致采食量减少、生长速率降低、发病率和死亡率增加。采取有效的营养策略可改善仔猪肠道健康和最大限度地提高断奶仔猪的产量。本文综述了生物活性肽通过仔猪肠道免疫、肠道微生物稳态及肠-脑轴的调节仔猪肠道健康,为加深生物活性肽的开发和利用提供参考。     

Influence of dietary feathers on the fecal microbiota in captive Arctic fox: Do dietary hair or feathers play a role in the evolution of carnivorous mammals?

Hair and feathers are composed of keratin and are indigestible, inalimental and unpalatable for carnivores. However, carnivores often ingest hair and feathers during feeding or when grooming. We hypothesized that ingestion of hair and feathers changes species diversity and relative abundance of bacteria in the gut of carnivores. To test this hypothesis, we added disinfected poultry down feathers to the normal diet of captive Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). We then used fluorescently labeled terminal restriction fragments (T‐RFs) to examine changes in fecal bacterial diversity and abundance. The results showed that the number of bacterial species increased significantly after feather ingestion, but that total abundance was unchanged. This demonstrated that addition of disinfected feathers to the diet stimulated increased production among less abundant bacteria, resulting in a balancing of relative abundance of different bacterial species, or that some newly‐ingested microbial species would colonize the gut because a suitable microhabitat had become available. This implies that the overall production of bacterial metabolites would be made up of a greater range of substances after feather ingestion. On one hand, the host's immune response would be more diverse, increasing the capacity of the immune system to regulate gut microflora. On the other hand, the animal's physiological performance would also be affected. For wild animals, such altered physiological traits would be subjected to natural selection, and, hence, persistent geographic differences in the character of ingested feathers or fur would drive speciation.     

浒苔多酚对肥胖小鼠血脂代谢及肠道菌群的调节作用

为了研究浒苔多酚(Enteromorpha prolifera polyphenols, EPP)对高脂饮食诱导小鼠肥胖的预防作用,将24只C57BL/6J小鼠分为4组,即空白对照组、模型对照组、低剂量浒苔多酚处理组(100 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)以及高剂量浒苔多酚处理组(300 mg·kg^-1·d^-1),连续灌胃14周,考察不同剂量浒苔多酚干预对肥胖小鼠生理生化指标以及肠道菌群数量和结构的影响。结果表明,EPP能抑制肥胖小鼠体重增长,降低血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度(LDL-C)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)浓度,增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)浓度,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。此外,EPP干预可提高有益菌如拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、艾克曼菌属(Akkermansia)及副杆菌属(Parabacteroides)的相对丰度,促进短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)分泌;降低有害菌如瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcaceae)及颤螺菌属(Oscillospira)的相对丰度。因此,浒苔多酚作为功能性食品成分能够减轻高脂饮食诱导的小鼠肥胖症状。本研究为浒苔多酚作为海洋资源的开发与利用提供了理论依据与数据支撑。