Microbial activity and leaching during initial oak leaf litter decomposition

The decomposition of oak leaf litter was studied by means of a litterbag experiment in an oak forest in the Netherlands. The contribution of microbial activity and leaching to weight loss and element dynamics during the first 6 weeks of decomposition was investigated by means of frequent respiration measurements and extractions of the litter and by a qualitative comparison of throughfall and litter percolation water chemistry. The oak-leaf litter lost 9.3% of its initial dry weight during the first 6 weeks. In total, 90% of this observed weight loss was explained by the processes studied. About 5.9% (64% of the total) of this weight loss was attributed to microbial tespiration and 0.5% (5%) to the loss of inorganic solutes. Leaching of dissolved organic compounds was estimated to account for 2.0% (21%). The results indicated a fast leaching of K and Cl out of the fresh litter during the first 2 weeks, while Mg, Fe, Mn, Si, ortho P, and dissolved organic N were released at a much lower rate. At the same time, small amounts of H⁺, NH _inf4 ^sup+ and NO _inf3 ^sup- were retained in the litter.     

Estimation of associative nitrogen fixation in relation to water regime and plant nutrition in a long-term pot experiment with rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary The contribution of associative N₂ fixation to the N nutrition of lowland rice was estimated in a long-term pot experiment with ten consecutive crops of rice. The experiment comprised two N and two K levels with wet (WF) and dry fallow (DF) between the cropping seasons. Growth of N₂-fixing cyanobacteria was prevented. Greatest yields were obtained in the high NK fertilizer treatment, but with continuation of the experiment yields responsed more to DF than to WF. Nitrogenase activity, however, was favoured by WF. Higher K application increased and higher N application decreased nitrogenase activity. Under WF treatments the organic C and total N contents of the soil remained unchanged during the experimental period, but alternate drying and flooding in DF treatments caused a decline. Lower N fertilizer rates in the second five-crop period did not affect yields, but increased the ratio of N removed to N applied. For the ten-crop period the estimated N balance was positive in the low-N and negative in the high-N treatments. N balances were also established separately for both the first and the second halves of the ten-crop period. In the first period N losses were higher, and the N balance was mostly negative. In the second period only high-N combined with low-K fertilization resulted in a negative N balance. DF favoured N losses in the first but not in the second period. The highest N gain in the second period was found in the DF treatment with low-N and high-K application. In this treatment, nearly one-quarter of the N taken up by the above-ground parts of the plants could be ascribed to associative N₂ fixation. In the corresponding treatment with the higher N level and a 49% higher yield, the contribution of fixed N declined to less than 5%. When harvested straw contained more than 10 mg N g^–1, the N balance was mostly negative, while at N contents less than 10 mg N g^–1, the N balance was generally positive.     

The effect of phenyl phosphorodiamidate on urease activity and ammonia volatilization in flooded rice

Summary The behaviour of urease activity, ammoniacal N concentrations and pH in flood water and that of ammonia flux was investigated in a water-logged soil either in the presence or in the absence of rice and with three different treatments (control, urea and urea + phenyl phosphorodiamidate). In the presence of the phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD), that is a urease inhibitor, increases in ammoniacal N concentrations and in ammonia evolution were delayed but not eliminated. The degradation and/or the inactivation of PPD might have occurred, thus removing the inhibition of the enzyme activity.     

Microbial populations,enzyme activities and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium enrichment in earthworm casts and in the surrounding soil of a pineapple plantation

Summary Total populations of bacteria and fungi, dehydrogenase activity (as a measure of total potential microbial activity), and urease and phosphatase activities were determined in earthworm casts and surrounding laterite soils planted to pineapple. The casts contained higher microbial populations and enzyme activities than the soil. Except for fungal populations, statistically significant (P = 0.05) increases were found in all other parameters. Microbial populations and enzyme activities showed similar temporal trends with higher values in spring and summer and lower values in winter. The earthworm casts contained higher amounts of N, P, K and organic C than the soil (P = 0.05). Selective feeding by earthworms on organically rich substrates, which break down during passage through the gut, is likely to be responsible for the higher microbial populations and greater enzyme activity in the casts.     

全膜覆土穴播对冬小麦旗叶光合和抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用田间试验的方法,以全膜不覆土穴播种植方式为对照,比较研究全膜覆土穴播对旱地冬小麦旗叶光合、抗氧化酶活性和膜脂过氧化水平的影响。结果表明,全膜覆土穴播处理提高了冬小麦灌浆中后期(花后20~35d)旗叶净光合速率(Pn)和叶绿素SPAD值,Pn高值持续期(PAD)和叶绿素SPAD值缓降期(RSP)比对照分别增加6.5d和5.8d。全膜覆土穴播也提高了灌浆初期(花后0~15d)旗叶蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,与对照相比提前5d达到峰值,且在灌浆中期(花后10~20d)依然能保持相对较高的蔗糖供应能力。全膜覆土穴播在灌浆中后期(10~35d)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性表现较强的诱导性,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性也比对照提前5d达到峰值,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性始终低于对照。2种处理丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度在开花15d后急剧升高,但全膜覆土穴播处理的质量分数和变化幅度均低于对照。可见,全膜覆土穴播栽培的旱地冬小麦在灌浆期保持了较高的光合产物供应速率、较长的供应持续期、较低的活性氧产生速率和膜脂过氧化水平,因而后期产量和品质高于传统地膜栽培。     

不同覆盖模式对旱地苹果园土壤养分、微生物和酶活性的影响

为研究不同覆盖模式对旱地苹果园土壤环境的影响,以11a生"信浓红"苹果树为试材,对比分析全覆膜、生草覆草、起垄覆膜、"肥水膜"一体化和清耕处理下苹果园土壤养分、酶活性和微生物数量的变化。结果表明:生草覆草可以显著提高土壤有机质的质量分数,不同覆盖处理均可增加土壤速效养分,尤以"肥水膜"一体化效果最为显著。不同覆盖处理都能提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性,"肥水膜"一体化技术能较对照明显提高土壤酶活性,且处理对土壤酶活的影响主要集中在表土层,不同土壤酶活性和有机质的质量分数存在显著相关性。与常规施肥相比,覆盖处理后能不同程度增加土壤中微生物的数量,且均以生草覆草效果最佳。综合分析,旱地苹果园采用"肥水膜"一体化技术配合行间生草可以在一定程度上改善果园土壤生态环境,提高土壤肥力。     

土荆芥果实挥发油的抑菌活性及其组分分析

为了比较土荆芥果实挥发油的熏蒸和触杀抑菌活性,测定了其对植物病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的熏蒸与触杀抑制作用,初步研究了其抑菌机制。结果表明,土荆芥果实挥发油对植物病原真菌具有强烈的抑制作用,熏蒸和触杀抑制作用均随着挥发油剂量增加而增强,随处理时间延长多呈减弱趋势。其对白菜黑斑病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、水稻胡麻斑病菌3种真菌菌丝生长的熏蒸和触杀抑制作用半数有效浓度(EC50)分别为17.4~22.1μL/L、103.9~241.7μL/L,对水稻胡麻斑病菌孢子萌发的熏蒸和触杀抑制作用EC50分别为28.8μL/L、789.3μL/L。土荆芥果实挥发油通过熏蒸方式作用于水稻胡麻斑病菌菌丝,使其细胞内含物渗漏;通过触杀方式作用于水稻胡麻斑病菌菌丝,随挥发油浓度升高和处理时间延长,相对电导率增加。GC-MS分析结果显示,土荆芥果实挥发油主要成分为2-蒈烯和驱蛔素。综合分析土荆芥果实挥发油的抑菌活性,熏蒸作用的效果优于触杀作用。     

核糖体失活蛋白及其在植物抗立枯丝核菌基因工程中的应用

核糖体失活蛋白(RIPs)是一类主要出现在植物中并具有r RNA N-糖苷酶活性的蛋白质,大体上分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型2类。介绍了RIPs在抗真菌活性、毒性和免疫原性方面的研究进展,并对其在抗立枯丝核菌植物基因工程方面的应用进行了综述。     

甜菜硝酸还原酶活性研究

试验表明,甜菜幼苗期至叶丛快速生长期,叶片中的NR活性迅速上升至最高水平,以后缓慢下降,到糖分积累期迅速下降到最低水平。外源基质条件下NR活性较内源基质条件下高出10倍至几10倍,在高氮条件下NR活性下降.甜菜具有极高的NO_3~-还原潜力。叶片中还原糖含量和NR活性在整个营养生长期均表现为负相关,蔗糖含量与NR活性在糖分积累期呈显著负相关,含氮率与NR活性在各生育时期均呈正相关。外源基质对NR活性的影响随施氮量提高而下降。     

复合微生物拮抗菌剂的研制及其在大棚甜瓜生产中的应用

从甜瓜大棚土壤中筛选出菌株FP2,它可有效抑制甜瓜白粉病病原菌、甜瓜枯萎病病原菌、甜瓜疫病病原菌和甜瓜霜霉病病原菌的生长,通过形态学、生理生化和分子生物学研究,FP2被鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。为增强该菌株的拮抗能力,用He-Ne激光诱变FP2,得到拮抗活性强且传代最稳定的突变株FP27和FP29,经发酵后将其按1∶1的比例制备成复合接抗菌剂。将复合拮抗菌剂和实验室前期生产的生化黄腐酸菌肥进行复配,首次研发出大棚甜瓜专用的生化黄腐酸复合微生物菌肥。将该菌肥应用于大棚甜瓜的生物防治,结果表明,该菌肥可有效防治大棚甜瓜各类病害的发生,甜瓜长势良好,含糖量高,具有显著的社会效益和经济效益。