长距离输油气管道的工作压力

工作压力是油气管道设计中的一个重要部分,它对管道的技术经济条件影响很大,如何确定它非常重要.列出世界上一些陆上油气管道的主要技术参数,进一步阐明了油气管道工作压力的特点,即输油管道工作压力决定着管道的建设投资;一般情况下,输油管道的工作压力不宜太高;输气管道的最佳工作压力与管道建设投资及输气经营费用有关;一般情况下,最佳工作压力趋向高值.     

The antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus species isolated from canine dermatitis

In a retrospective study, 1538 strains of -haemolysin-producing Staphylococcus species isolated from dermatitis in dogs at three veterinary clinical microbiology laboratories in Norway during 1986–87 and 1993–94 were investigated for their antimicrobial susceptibility. None of the strains was resistant to cloxacillin, cephalexin or the quinolones enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. More than 96% of the strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulphonamide, bacitracin and fucidic acid. Between 67% and 89% of the strains were susceptible to erythromycin, lincosamides, tetracycline, neomycin and chloramphenicol. Only 37.9% of the strains were susceptible to penicillin. The frequency of penicillin resistance increased significantly between the first and second periods, from 46.0% to 58.6%. The frequency of resistance to lincomycin, clindamycin and erythromycin also increased significantly between the first and second periods, from 3.0%, 2.1% and 3.3% to 25.5%, 19.5% and 24.8%, respectively. A moderate increase in resistance to tetracycline was also noted, from 20.4% in the first to 27.6% in the second period. On the other hand, the frequency of resistance to trimethoprim-sulphonamide decreased significantly from 4.1% in the first to 0.9% in the second period. Many different resistance patterns were observed in each period. However, the proportion of multiresistant strains increased from 2.1% in the first to 10.2% in the second period. There was a decrease in resistance to the combination of trimethoprim-sulphonamide and penicillin from the first to the second period. Resistance to the combination of lincosamides and pencillin increased. For the combinations penicillin-tetracycline-lincosamides, pencillin-lincosamides-erythromycin, and pencillin-tetracycline-lincosamides-erythromycin, there was a striking increase in resistance between the first and the second periods.Abbreviations CVL Central Veterinary Laboratory - NCVM Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine - NVL Norwegian Veterinary Laboratory     

国产克洛素隆尿药排泄数据分析

应用Kromasil-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),WatersTM480型可调波长紫外检测器,0.01M磷酸钾(pH=7):乙腈(3:1)为流动相,检测波长265 nm,含量测定采用标准曲线法,建立了RP-HPLC法检测绵羊尿中克洛素隆含量的方法.方法有效性评价结果表明,尿药含量在0.01～5.0μg/ml及5.0～30.0μg/ml范围呈良好线形关系(r=0.9993、0.9995),方法平均回收率99.32%,日内、日间变异系数分别为3.91%、6.28%.尿药最低检测限0.005μg/ml.试验绵羊以7 mg/kg单剂量经静脉、肌肉及口服三种途径给药后,尿中药物浓度分析表明,克洛素隆经体内处理后主要经肾脏排泄,给药96 h内,静注经尿排泄原药为81.76%,肌注为64.03%,口服为48.50%.     

百例牛剖腹产手术的经验及技术探讨

难产是牛常见的产科病之一，奶牛发病明显高于黄牛。难产发生以后，经过各种办法难以从阴道产出犊牛，就应果断的，不失时机的施行剖腹产手术，从而有效的救治牛只。如能慎重果断的选择病例，早期进行手术，加上熟练的技术，成功率是很高的。     

5株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对4种抗球虫药的抗药性

选择260只19日龄雏鸡，随机分成26组，每组10只，研究柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E．tenella)南京株、凤阳株、扬州株、宣城株和蒙城株对地克珠利(Diclazuril)、马杜霉素(Maduramicin)、氯羟吡啶(C1opido1)、氯苯胍(Robenidine)的抗药性。每株球虫均设4个感染用药组、1个感染不用药组，另外设1个不感染不用药组。以POAA、RLS、ROP、ACI作为指标，判定5株球虫对4种药物的抗药性。结果表明凤阳株、扬州株和蒙城株分别仅对马杜霉素、氯苯胍、地克珠利敏感，南京株和宣城株对该4种药物均已产生不同程度的抗药性。提示目前在凤阳、扬州和蒙城地区可分别合理地使用马杜霉素、氯苯胍和地克珠利，对其它药物须减少或暂停使用。     

P10B抗菌肽和硫酸小檗碱对肉鸡源大肠杆菌的体外联合抗菌作用研究

为了解P10B抗菌肽与硫酸小檗碱联合抗菌作用,进行P10B抗菌肽与硫酸小檗碱联用的体外抑菌试验。试验菌株为20株肉鸡源大肠杆菌菌株。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定P10B与硫酸小檗碱对大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度;棋盘稀释法测定两个药的分级抑菌浓度指数,判断联合抗菌效果。结果表明,在联合药敏试验中,两药呈协同作用的占10%,呈相加作用的占85%,呈无关作用的占5%。平均分级抑菌浓度指数为0.825,两种药联和用药效应主要表现为累加作用。     

Pharmacokinetics of multiple doses of transdermal flunixin meglumine in adult Holstein dairy cows

A transdermal formulation of the nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, flunixin meglumine, has been approved in the United States and Canada for single‐dose administration. Transdermal flunixin meglumine was administered to 10 adult Holstein cows in their second or third lactation at the label dose of 3.33 mg/kg every 24 hr for three total treatments. Plasma flunixin concentrations were determined using high‐pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy (HPLC ‐MS ). Pharmacokinetic analysis was completed on each individual animal with noncompartmental methods using computer software. The time to maximum drug concentration (T max) was 2.81 hr, and the maximum drug concentration was 1.08 μg/ml. The mean terminal half‐life (T½) was determined to be 5.20 hr. Clearance per fraction absorbed (Cl/F) was calculated to be 0.294 L/hr kg^?1, and volume of distribution of fraction (V z/F ) absorbed was 2.20 L/kg. The mean accumulation factor was 1.10 after three doses. This indicates changes in dosing may not be required when giving multiple doses of flunixin transdermal. Further work is required to investigate the clinical efficacy of transdermal flunixin after multiple daily doses.     

Investigation of Clinical Medicine for Treating Cows Endometritis in Baotou Area

In 4 dairy farms located in Baotou area, clinical medicine investigation and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria were conducted, and then curative effects of different treatment methods were analyzed.Epidemic materials were collected from diary cows infected by endometritis, from which pathogenic bacteria were isolated using conventional microbiology technologies.Broth microdilution method was used to detect the sensitivity and resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics commonly used in clinic.On this basis, the sensitive drugs were used to treat mastitis or endometritis, the clinical curative effect of traditional treatment group was compared with that of therapeutic test group.The result of traditional treatment group showed 13 antibiotics were used to treat 160 cases of endometritis, florfenicol was most effective, penicillin was most ineffective.The results of therapeutic test group showed that Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus were the main pathogenic bacteria of endometritis, which were sensitive to gentamicin and cefalotin, etc.The results of statistical analysis showed that the curative effect of therapeutic test group was extremely significantly different from that of traditional treatment group(P<0.01).Sensitive drugs screened by drug sensitive test could be used to target therapy, and obtain satisfied curative effect.Moreover, this approach could avoid antibiotic abuse.     

1株鸭源非O1/O139群霍乱弧菌的分离鉴定与致病性分析

为探明引起贵州省某鸭场雏鸭发病的病原及其致病性和耐药情况，本研究对该鸭场送的疑似细菌感染病鸭进行剖检，取鼻黏膜、心脏和肝脏等组织器官接种于培养基中进行细菌分离鉴定，通过对分离菌进行药敏试验、动物回归试验和毒力基因检测研究其耐药情况和致病性。结果显示，分离菌在血琼脂培养基上生长16 h后呈现为边缘整齐、有光泽的乳白色菌落，伴有β-溶血现象，经革兰氏染色后在生物显微镜下呈两端钝圆、弧状、排列无规则的革兰氏阴性短小杆菌，与霍乱弧菌相符；16S rDNA基因序列同源性及系统进化树显示，该分离菌与霍乱弧菌同源性高达99.6%~99.7%聚为一支；药敏试验结果显示，分离菌对大部分药物都表现为耐药，其中对氨苄西林、克林霉素、复方新诺明、苯唑西林和克林霉素等抗菌药耐药性较强，对头孢哌酮和头孢曲松敏感；动物回归试验显示，分离菌可导致试验组雏鸭5 d内全部发病死亡，表明该分离菌对雏鸭具有较强的致病性；毒力基因PCR检测结果显示，检测的霍乱弧菌相关毒力基因hlyA、ompW和chxA为阳性，而检测的O1群rfb、O139群rfb、tcpA及ctxA基因为阴性，表明本次分离的霍乱弧菌携带有致病基因，但不属于O1和O139血清群。结果表明，该鸭场雏鸭发病的疫情病原为非O1/O139血清群霍乱弧菌，该菌致病性强且对多种抗菌药物耐药。本试验结果为贵州省鸭霍乱弧菌病的防控提供了参考依据。