Starch Content and Granule Size Distribution in Grains of Wheat in Relation to Post-Anthesis Water Deficits

Post-anthesis soil moisture condition is closely associated with grain yield and quality in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). To investigate the effect of post-anthesis water deficit (WD) on starch content and granule size distribution, pot-experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 growing seasons, using five wheat cultivars with different amylose content. The result showed that the grain starch granules had a bimodal curve in the volume and surface area distribution, and a unimodal curve was found in number distribution. Post-anthesis WD reduced the B-granules (<10 μm in diameter) volume % and surface area % in Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901, increased the proportion in Weimai10, whereas the effect on those in Jinan17 and Shannong15 was not significant. Post-anthesis WD decreased the number % of <2 μm starch granules, significantly in all cultivars. The amylose content was negatively correlated with the volume of <10 μm and positively correlated to >15 μm starch granules, respectively, suggesting that small starch granules (<10 μm) are low in amylose content, whereas, big starch granules (>15 μm) are high. The results indicate that the grain starch granule size distributions of Jinan17 and Shannong15 with high amylose content were less affected by WD, than those of Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901 with low amylose content.     

75%苯磺隆水分散粒剂的研制

介绍了75%苯磺隆水分散粒剂(WDG)的制备方法,并确定了最佳配方,简述了该剂型的特点、配方组成、加工工艺、贮存稳定性以及性能测定。试验结果表明:该产品的各项指标符合水分散性粒剂的要求,如悬浮率为92.1%,崩解时间在1min以内,在(54±2)℃下贮存14d后的分解率小于5%,且产品的各项指标均符合水分散粒剂的要求。     

颗粒大小和几种预处理方法对浒苔厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

近年来,由于生态环境变化和人为等因素,我国东部沿海遭受大规模浒苔侵袭的现象时有发生。开展浒苔的沼气发酵研究,一方面可以使这种优质的大型海藻类生物质原料被合理高效地利用,变废为宝;另一方面可以丰富沼气发酵原材料的种类,达到可再生能源开发的目的。该实验研究了不同颗粒大小（粗粒0.30~0.85 mm、中粒0.15~0.30 mm、细粒0.075~0.15 mm）和碱预处理法、热预处理法、酸预处理法对浒苔在高温条件下发酵产沼气的影响。研究表明,当温度为50 ℃、初始pH为7、接种率为10%、料液总固形物（TS）质量分数为8%的条件下厌氧发酵浒苔,粗粒组、中粒组和细粒组的浒苔挥发性固体（VS）产气率分别为386.9 mL/g、434.4 mL/g、436.5 mL/g。其中,中粒组比粗粒组产气总量提高了12.26%,细粒组比中粒组产气总量提高了0.49%。这说明粒度越小越有利于提高浒苔沼气发酵的利用率;在相同发酵条件下（同上试验）,碱、热、酸预处理组分别比未预处理组产气总量提高13.14%、11.39%和3.63%。其中,碱预处理组的VS产气率最高,为493.3 mL/g,发酵过程中pH也较为稳定。因此,碱预处理法在提高浒苔厌氧发酵的沼气产量方面效果最佳。该研究的成果可为厌氧发酵浒苔生产沼气的工艺研究及生产提供参考。     

富含抗性淀粉水稻突变体的淀粉特性

 从杂交水稻优异恢复系R7954诱变筛选了1个富含抗性淀粉的突变体RS111。该突变体热米饭中抗性淀粉的含量高达7.0%，是其野生型的2.4倍。突变体的淀粉颗粒形态、DSC和多晶衍射的曲线和参数与野生型明显不同，表现为淀粉颗粒大小较为一致，圆形和卵形淀粉颗粒所占比率较高，溶晶起始温度(TO)、最高温度(TP)、回落温度(TC)、焓变(ΔHGEL)及结晶度更低。突变体的表观直链淀粉、粗脂肪和粗纤维的含量显著提高。     

Recent Advances in Studies of the Structure of Starch Granules

作者综述了其实验室在淀粉颗粒结构研究方面的一些最新进展．这些研究包括淀粉颗粒的形态、支链淀粉的分枝结构、淀粉中磷的结构和含量，以及直链和支链淀粉在淀粉颗粒中的定位，将有助于增进我们对淀粉颗粒结构的了解．淀粉结构的知识也将帮助我们理解淀粉的性质，譬如易消化性、淀粉糊的性质和直链淀粉的淅滤方式等．     

复方黄芪颗粒防治鸡传染性法氏囊病的疗效试验

应用复方黄芪颗粒对鸡传染性法氏囊炎病毒人工感染病例进行试验,结果表明,有效率达到80%~92%,治愈率达到68%~76%,均高于对照药物,差异极显著(P<0.01)。推荐剂量为每升饮水中加入1g复方黄芪颗粒,连用5 d。     

小麦A型淀粉粒大小对淀粉特性及面包品质的影响

利用扫描电镜对10份小麦种质材料的淀粉粒大小和形态进行了观察,测定了供试样本的直链淀粉含量、面粉膨胀势和Zeleny沉淀值,分析了淀粉粒大小、形状与直链淀粉含量、面粉膨胀势、Zeleny沉淀值的关系。结果表明,不同小麦样本A型淀粉粒的大小有明显差别,淀粉粒的形状有圆形、椭圆型和长圆形。圆形和椭圆型淀粉粒比长圆形淀粉粒要大一些;直链淀粉含量低的小麦样本,A型淀粉粒的直径相对较大,膨胀势较高,Zeleny沉淀值也较高;淀粉粒直径与面粉膨胀势之间的正相关不显著,与直链淀粉含量的负相关达到极显著水平,与Zeleny沉淀值之间的正相关达到极显著水平。研究结果为小麦品质育种以及食品加工提供了理论依据和技术指导。     

不同密度玉米种皮形态建成及胚乳淀粉粒超微结构差异

试验以鲁单981为材料,研究了30000株/hm~2(低密度)和90000株/hm~2(高密度)种植密度下,玉米种皮的形态及胚乳淀粉粒超微结构。结果表明,随着子粒的发育,内珠被中的细胞质首先作为营养物质被吸收、解体,形成类似珠被绒毡层的黑层。黑层退化消失的同时,子房壁细胞也离散解体,最终使子房壁和内珠被愈合在一起形成种皮。授粉后10～15d是胚乳淀粉粒发育的质变时期;授粉后20～25d是淀粉粒发育的量变时期。高密度处理的种皮细胞总层数约占低密度处理的1/2,但其各层细胞中的内容物相对较多,种皮形态建成的速度较慢。授粉后10～20d,高密度处理的胚乳淀粉粒明显比低密度处理大且多;而授粉后25d表现相反。玉米胚乳淀粉粒的剖面面积多数集中在0.28～0.56μm~2,约占24.8%,剖面面积大于2.52μm~2的淀粉粒仅占5.2%。     

Characterization of starch morphology,composition, physicochemi-cal properties and gene expressions in oat

Starch is the major carbohydrate in oat(Avena sativa L.) and starch formation requires the coordinated actions of several synthesis enzymes. In this study, the granule morphology, composition and physicochemical properties of oat starch, as well as the expressions of starch synthesis genes were investigated during oat endosperm development. Under the scanning electron microscopy(SEM), we observed that the unique compound granules were developed in oat endosperms at 10 days post anthesis(DPA) and then fragmented into irregular or polygonal simple granules from 12 DPA until seed maturity. The amylose content, branch chain length of degree of polymerization(DP=13–24), gelatinization temperature and percentage of retrogradation were gradually increased during the endosperm development; whereas the distribution of short chains(DP=6–12) were gradually decreased. The relative expressions of 4 classes of 13 starch synthesis genes characterized in this study indicated that three expression pattern groups were significantly different among gene classes as well as among varied isoforms, in which the first group of starch synthesis genes may play a key role on the initiation of starch synthesis in oat endosperms.     

利用玉米穗粒性状三要素估测产量水平

玉米穗粒性状与穗粒重间均有固定的对应数学关系。以穗长、穗粗、粒长三个要素求得穗粒体积约数,其排序位次与穗粒重的排序位次有较高的一致性。两组试材体积约数与粒重的极显著高度正相关的相关程度是一致的。因此,可用三要素求得的体积约数排序位次,判断粒重的排序位次。用这一方法在新组合初试的田间,即可快捷、准确地评价各参试组合的产量位次趋势。