城市公园应急避难专项规划内容及要求的探讨——以东风公园为例

通过实地调查东风公园应急避难场所规划建设现状,包括各种功能设施的配置和日常维护管理,提出防灾公园规划建设的内容及要求,以及东风公园应急避难场所的优化建议,对今后规划建设应急避难公园具有一定的参考价值。     

江门市城区行道树碳储量

采用材积源-生物量法（Volume-Biomass Method）对江门市行道树的碳储量进行研究。计算了芒果Mangifera indica、高山榕Ficus altissima、美丽异木棉Chorisia speciosa、蒲葵Livistona chinensis、海南红豆Ormosia pinnata、尾叶桉Eucalyptus urophylla、乌墨Syzygium cumini和火焰树Spathodea campanulata等8种行道树的立木碳储量,进而估算江门市城区行道树的碳储量。结果表明：江门市主要行道树平均树高8.92±0.19 m,平均胸径23.18±0.49 cm,平均蓄积量0.22±0.01 m3,生物量为5166.69 t,碳储量为2546.75 t,单株碳储量乌墨最高。可见行道树具有重要的碳汇功能,对改善江门市的城市生态环境有积极的作用。     

肉牛支原体病原分离鉴定及药物敏感性试验

[目的]为调查贵州省肉牛运输综合征主要病因牛支原体,研究无菌采集疑似牛支原体鼻拭子和病死牛肺,进行牛支原体液体培养和固体培养,[方法]采用形态学观察和生化试验鉴定该分离株,进行了组织病理切片观察,用特异性检测牛支原体的PCR方法进行检测,并对阳性样本进行药敏试验。[结果]结果显示,从采集到的163份疑似样本中,检测出60份牛支原体阳性样本,且成功分离到18株牛支原体,PCR检测和同源性结果表明扩增片段为牛支原体的特异性条带,同源性的比对结果为93.02%～100%。分离株菌落呈典型的"煎蛋样"。组织切片结果可见患病牛肺间质动脉血管充血、肺间质水肿变宽,呈灰白色;肺间质纤维增生,有实质性病变;肺泡上皮细胞变性坏死;肺泡内有大量粘液。因并发或继发其他病原菌感染,其他器官组织也发生了病理变化。分离株牛支原体既不分解葡萄糖、甘露醇、尿素酶、明胶,也不水解精氨酸,酚红葡萄糖肉汤呈阳性反应,七叶苷生化反应为阳性。药敏试验表明:氟苯尼考、诺氟沙星、新霉素、头孢派酮、氧氟沙星高度敏感。[结论]研究结果证实了引起贵州省肉牛运输综合征主要病因是牛支原体,这为贵州省牛支原体病的防治提供了科学依据。     

临夏州现代畜牧业发展及促进新农村建设探析

新农村建设的核心在于建设现代农业。当前,临夏州正处于农业生产结构优化、农业提质增效的关键时期,建设社会主义新农村的任务十分艰巨。促进临夏现代农业农村经济又好又快发展,走具有地方特色现代农业,临夏州应把促进现代畜牧业发展摆在更加重要的位置,认真研究解决好如何加快畜牧业科技进步,转变畜牧业饲养方式,健全完善畜禽良种繁育体系,建立饲草饲料生产体系,培育和扶持市场竞争主体,建立有效的防疫体系,是发展现代畜牧业循环经济,促进新农村建设,助推脱贫攻坚的全局性突出问题。     

The equine alveolar macrophage: Functional and phenotypic comparisons with peritoneal macrophages

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) constitute the first line of defence in the lung of all species, playing a crucial role in the regulation of immune responses to inhaled pathogens. A detailed understanding of the function and phenotype of AMs is a necessary pre-requisite to both elucidating their role in preventing opportunistic bacterial colonisation of the lower respiratory tract and developing appropriate preventative strategies. The purpose of the study was to characterise this important innate immune cell at the tissue level by making functional and phenotypic comparisons with peritoneal macrophages (PMs). We hypothesised that the tissue of origin determines a unique phenotype of AMs, which may constitute an appropriate therapeutic target for certain equine respiratory diseases. Macrophages isolated from the lung and the peritoneal cavity of 9 horses were stimulated with various toll like receptor (TLR) ligands and the production of nitrite, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL) 10 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) were measured by the Griess reaction and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Cells were also compared on the basis of phagocytic-capacity and the expression of several cell surface markers. AMs, but not PMs, demonstrated increased TNFα release following stimulation with LPS, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) and heat-killed Salmonella typhinurium and increased TNFα and IDO mRNA expression when stimulated with LPS. AMs showed high expression of the specific macrophage markers cluster of differentiation (CD) 14, CD163 and TLR4, whereas PMs showed high expression of TLR4 only. AMs, but not PMs, demonstrated efficient phagocytic activity. Our results demonstrate that AMs are more active than PMs when stimulated with various pro-inflammatory ligands, thus supporting the importance of the local microenvironment in the activation status of the macrophage. This information provides a valuable knowledge base on which to improve our understanding of the role of macrophages and their microenvironment in equine innate immunity.     

Seroprevalence against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and occurence of antibody co-expression with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs in Latvia

Background

Lyme disease is commonly diagnosed in humans in Latvia, but up to date no studies have been performed to investigate its prevalence in dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate if seroprevalence against B. burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi s.l.) and co-expression of antibodies against B.burgdorferi s.l. and A. phagocytophilum is higher in dogs with clinical suspicion of tick-borne diseases compared to healthy dogs.

Findings

Venous blood was taken from healthy dogs (n=441) and dogs suspected to have borreliosis and/ or canine granulocytic anaplasmosis (n=29). The presence of antibodies was detected with SNAP 4Dx test (IDEXX, Westbrook, Maine, USA). The seroprevalence against B. burgdorferi s.l. in healthy dogs was 2.49% (11/441) and 36% (4/11) of seropositive dogs had antibodies against both of investigated bacteria. None of the dogs in sick dog group had detectable antibodies against B. burgdorferi s.l.

Conclusions

We conclude that seroprevalence to B. burgdorferi s.l. in dogs in Latvia is low and that dogs with suspicion of tick-borne disease do not have higher B. burgdorferi s.l. seroprevalence than healthy dogs. Dogs that express antibodies against B. burgdorferi s.l. frequently co-express antibodies against A. phagocytophilum.     

Characterization of Shiga toxin – producing Escherichia coli infections in beef feeder calves and the effectiveness of a prebiotic in alleviating Shiga toxin - producing Escherichia coli infections

Background

In the less-sensitive mouse model, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) challenges result in shedding that reflect the amount of infection and the expression of virulence factors such as Shiga toxins (Stx). The purpose of this study was to characterize the contribution of STEC diversity and Stx expression to shedding in beef feeder calves and to evaluate the effectiveness of a prebiotic, Celmanax®, to alleviate STEC shedding. Fecal samples were collected from calves at entry and after 35 days in the feedlot in spring and summer. STECs were evaluated using selective media, biochemical profile, serotyping and Stx detection. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and logistic regression.

Results

At entry, non-O157 STEC were dominant in shedding calves. In spring, 21%, 14% and 14% of calves acquired O157, non-O157 and mixed STEC infections, respectively. In contrast, 45%, 48% and 46% of calves in summer acquired O157, non-O157 and mixed STEC infections, respectively. Treatment with a prebiotic, Celmanax®, in spring significantly reduced 50% of the O157 STEC infections, 50% of the non-O157 STEC infections and 36% of the STEC co-infections (P = 0.037). In summer, there was no significant effect of the prebiotic on STEC infections. The amount of shedding at entry was significantly related to the number and type of STECs present and Stx expression (r² = 0.82). The same relationship was found for shedding at day 35 (r² = 0.85), but it was also related to the number and type of STECs present at entry. Stx - producing STEC infections resulted in 100 to 1000 × higher shedding in calves compared with Stx-negative STECs.

Conclusions

STEC infections in beef feeder calves reflect the number and type of STECs involved in the infection and STEC expression of Stx. Application of Celmanax® reduced O157 and non-O157 STEC shedding by calves but further research is required to determine appropriate dosages to manage STEC infections.     

Investigations on the efficacy of routinely used phenotypic methods compared to genotypic approaches for the identification of staphylococcal species isolated from companion animals in Irish veterinary hospitals

Background

Identification of Staphylococci to species level in veterinary microbiology is important to inform therapeutic intervention and management. We report on the efficacy of three routinely used commercial phenotypic methods for staphylococcal species identification, namely API Staph 32 (bioMérieux), RapID (Remel) and Staph-Zym (Rosco Diagnostica) compared to genotyping as a reference method to identify 52 staphylococcal clinical isolates (23 coagulase positive; 29 coagulase negative) from companion animals in Irish veterinary hospitals.

Results

Genotyping of a 412 bp fragment of the staphylococcal tuf gene and coagulase testing were carried out on all 52 veterinary samples along with 7 reference strains. In addition, genotyping of the staphylococcal rpoB gene, as well as PCR-RFLP of the pta gene, were performed to definitively identify members of the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG). The API Staph 32 correctly identified all S. aureus isolates (11/11), 83% (10/12) of the SIG species, and 66% (19/29) of the coagulase negative species. RapID and Staph-Zym correctly identified 61% (14/23) and 0% (0/23) respectively of the coagulase-positives, and 10% (3/29) and 3% (1/29) respectively of the coagulase-negative species.

Conclusions

Commercially available phenotypic species identification tests are inadequate for the correct identification of both coagulase negative and coagulase positive staphylococcal species from companion animals. Genotyping using the tuf gene sequence is superior to phenotyping for identification of staphylococcal species of animal origin. However, use of PCR-RFLP of pta gene or rpoB sequencing is recommended as a confirmatory method for discriminating between SIG isolates.     

Amino acid substitutions in gyrA and parC associated with quinolone resistance in nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates

This study was undertaken to identify and characterize amino acid substitutions in gyrA and parC related with quinolone resistance of 27 nalidixic acid-resistant (Na^R) Salmonella isolates collected in poultry slaughterhouses in Korea. A total of 51 Salmonella isolates were detected from 44.8% (47/105) of the total samples from 15 poultry slaughterhouses examined, among which 27 (52.9%) Na^R isolates were detected while ciprofloxacin (Cip) resistance was not present in the isolates. These 27 Na^R isolates of DNA sequencing revealed that it contained three types of gyrA mutations in only D87 codon. Mutations in the D87 codon resulted in substitutions to G in most of the isolates, but D87Y and D87N exchanges were also detected. Although Cip resistance was absent, reduced susceptibility characterized by mutations in gyrA was apparent among Salmonella isolates from poultry slaughterhouses in Korea.