江苏地区施用“棉太金”对棉花产量和品质的影响

[目的]研究"棉太金"在扬州地区对棉花(Gossypium sp.)产量和品质的应用效果,进一步验证"棉太金"在江苏地区抗虫棉上的应用效果,明确其在江苏适宜的应用技术和参数。[方法]试验设喷施"棉太金"、缩节胺和清水3个处理,"棉太金"和缩节胺的用量和时间为:6月14日(蕾期),"棉太金"60 ml/m2,缩节胺12.0 g/m2;6月30日(初花期),"棉太金"90 ml/m2,缩节胺27.0 g/m2;7月23日(盛花期),"棉太金"180 ml/m2,缩节胺45.0 g/m2;8月29日(打顶12 d后),"棉太金"270 ml/m2,缩节胺67.5 g/m2。[结果]"棉太金"处理单株成铃数达33.2个,分别比缩节胺、清水对照高3.75%和18.6%,且与对照的差异达显著水平;"棉太金"处理籽棉实收产量比缩节胺和清水对照提高7.5%和28.8%。"棉太金"和缩节胺处理均提高了纤维品质,并且均以"棉太金"提高幅度较大,其中"棉太金"处理纤维长度最长达32.1 mm,缩节胺处理为31.8 mm,分别比对照长0.4和0.1 mm。[结论]该研究可为"棉太金"在棉花上应用技术的熟化、示范、推广和与当地栽培技术的整合提供依据和参考。     

Variations in wood anatomical properties and specific gravity of half sib progenies of Populus deltoides

We studied radial and inter-progeny variations in the dimensions of the wood elements and specific gravity of 21 half sib progenies of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. The female parents of half sibprogenies were G48 and S7C13 clones. Variance ratio (F) test indicated that inter-progeny variations in the dimensions of wood elements andspecific gravity were significant for all wood traits while variations were significant for radial location for specific gravity only. Hierarchical cluster analysis was done by Squared Euclidean Distance for all of 21 progenies considering six wood traits. 21 progenies were grouped into 4 clusters. Cluster 1 was the largest cluster with 11 progenies, whereas cluster 3 had only one progeny. Selected progenies in clusters 3 (progeny 155,male) and 4 (progeny 108, 196, both female) were highly divergent from the other progenies so they were used in combinations as parents of hybrids to develop new clones with desired characters. Progeny 155 showed higher growth, fiber dimensions, and specific gravity, thus,should be used for the development of new clones.     

Measurement of suspended sediment for model experiments using general-purpose optical sensors

A specialized measurement system for measuring suspended sediment concentration in model experiments was developed; it utilizes general-purpose optical sensors to perform measurements. A photoelectric sensor was used for measuring the transmitted light, and a fiber optic sensor was used for measuring the backscattered light. The values of the light absorbance and intensity of backscattered light for turbid standard solutions measured with these sensors show a linear relationship with the turbidity. The calibration lines for sand particles with a large settling velocity were established by using a calibration tank containing upwelling water. The vertical profiles of the sediment concentration measured with the photoelectric sensor corresponded well to those of the sediment concentration measured with a water sampler in an artificial channel. This result suggests that the measurement system using a photoelectric sensor functions satisfactorily. The sediment concentrations measured using the fiber optic sensor correlate well with the concentrations measured through siphon sampling; however, the values measured with the fiber optic sensor are approximately 25% larger than those measured with the siphon. This disagreement may result from the differences in the optical conditions between the calibration tank and the actual channel. Thus, it may be possible to utilize fiber optic sensors calibrated on the basis of siphon sampling for the measurement of sediment concentration.     

Impact of agronomic practices on populations of Fusarium and other fungi in cereal and noncereal crop residues on the Canadian Prairies

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease which has been causing damage to wheat and barley crops in western Canada. Because crop residues are an important source of inoculum, it is important to know the ability of Fusarium spp. to colonize and survive in different residue types, and how their populations might be affected by agronomic practices. Sampling of residue types on producers’ fields for quantification of Fusarium and other fungi was conducted in 2000–2001 in eastern Saskatchewan. Fusarium spp. were isolated from most fields, whereas their mean percentage isolation (MPI) was over 50% for cereal and pulse residues, and under 30% for oilseed residues. The most common Fusarium, F. avenaceum, had a higher MPI in pulse and flax (45–48%) than in cereal or canola (10–22%) residues. This was followed by F. equiseti, F. acuminatum, F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. poae which were isolated from all, or most, residue types. Factors affecting Fusarium abundance in residues included the current crop, cropping history, and tillage system. In cereal residues, the MPI of F. avenaceum was higher when the current crop was another cereal (24%) versus a noncereal (4–8%). When the current crop was another cereal, the lowest MPI of F. avenaceum and F. culmorum occurred when the field had been in summerfallow (SF) two years previous (F. avenaceum: 17% for SF, 28% for a crop; F. culmorum: 1% for SF, 4% for a crop); in contrast, F. equiseti and Cochliobolus sativus were most common in residues of cereal crops preceded by SF (F. equiseti: 16% for SF, 10% for a crop; C. sativus: 22% for SF, 13% for a crop). The MPI of F. graminearum was higher when the crop two years previous was an oilseed (7%) versus a cereal (4%). In regards to tillage effects, when the current crop was a cereal, the MPI of F. avenaceum was higher under minimum (MT) and zero tillage (ZT) (22–37%) than conventional tillage (CT) (15%), that of F. graminearum was lowest under ZT (3% for ZT, 7–11% for CT-MT), whereas that of C. sativus was highest under CT (27% for CT, 6–11% for MT-ZT). Under ZT, previous glyphosate applications were correlated positively with F. avenaceum and negatively with F. equiseti and C. sativus. These observations generally agreed with results from previous FHB and root rot studies of wheat and barley in the same region. Percentage isolation of F. avenaceum from noncereal and of F. graminearum from cereal residues were positively correlated with FHB severity and percentage Fusarium-damaged kernels of barley and wheat caused by the same fungi.     

高致病性FAdV-4传代中的毒力和Fiber2基因的比对分析

为筛选禽腺病毒疫苗株和制备亚单位疫苗提供科学依据,探明高致病性禽腺病毒C亚型4血清型（FAdV-4）毒株在传代中的毒力变化以及不同感染方式对雏鸡死亡率的影响,首先制备2 ~ 15代的高致病性FAdV-4尿囊液,用LMH细胞检测第2、4、8和15代尿囊液的半数细胞感染量（TCID₅₀）;其次选取的4个代次尿囊液分别通过黏膜（点眼）和颈背部皮下途径接种SPF雏鸡,观察动物的死亡率;最后应用PCR方法扩增主要结构蛋白Fiber2基因序列并进行比对分析。结果表明：所有制备的2 ~ 15代FAdV-4毒株均在5 ~ 7 d内致鸡胚死亡（100%）,4个代次毒株的TCID₅₀为10^6.5±0.2/0.1 mL,不同代次毒株间的毒力差异不显著（P＞0.05）;选取的4个代次毒株经颈背部皮下接种雏鸡的死亡率为100%,死亡雏鸡出现典型的心包积液综合征。而经黏膜接种的雏鸡死亡率呈下降趋势,分别为80%、50%、30%和30%;不同代次毒株Fiber2基因序列没有发生变化。总之,不同代次毒株通过皮下接种后对雏鸡的致病力没有差异,但黏膜接种的死亡率则逐代下降,而主要结构蛋白Fiber2基因则没有出现碱基变异。     

棉花不同基因型品种棉仁含油量及其与纤维品质性状的关系

对41个棉花品种的棉仁油分含量测定表明，不同品种间的棉仁含油量差异较大，平均含油量为31．19%，变幅为27．77%~40．36%，含油量最高的品种为‘中棉所16’，最低的品种为‘豫棉11号’。对41个品种的纤维品质分析结果表明，纤维品质最好的为‘海7124’，最差的为‘晋棉11号’。相关分析表明，棉仁含油量与纤维品质之间无统计学相关性，即可在不降低纤维品质的基础上，开展棉仁高含油量育种研究。     

Diazotroph community structure and abundance in wheat–fallow and wheat–pea crop rotations

Biological input of nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere by free-living diazotrophs can help alleviate fertilizer use in agricultural systems. In this study, we investigated the effect of N fertilizer and winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) crop on the community structure and abundance of free-living diazotrophs in a two year study of dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) no-till production system in Eastern Oregon, USA. Based on quantification of the nifH gene, diazotroph abundance was strongly influenced by plant species and the crop year in which the soil samples were collected. A greater amount of nifH copies was recovered in 2012 compared to 2011 either as copies per gram soil or normalized to the abundance of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The quantity of genes was greater under pea than wheat in 2012 although no difference was observed in the preceding year. The nifH gene abundance was positively correlated to ammonium concentration in 2011 and bacterial abundance in 2012. Nitrogen application did not influence diazotroph abundance in the top 0–5 cm; however the abundance was reduced by application at the lower 5–10 cm depth under wheat crop. The diazotroph community structure appeared to be influenced more by N fertilization rather than plant species with the exception of wheat in 2012. Changes in the community structure over the two years were greater for fertilized than unfertilized soil. Collectively, these data suggest that year-to-year variability had a greater influence on diazotroph communities rather than specific parameters of plant species, fertilization, total N, total organic C, or soil pH. Multi-year studies are necessary to define the specific drivers of diazotroph abundance, community structure and function.     

整枝方式对不同株型棉花品种产量及纤维品质的影响

采用两个株型存在明显差异的棉花品种鲁棉研37号和德棉16号,设置三种不同整枝方式(不整枝、简化整枝、精细整枝),研究了不同整枝方式对不同株型棉花品种产量及纤维品质的影响。结果表明:在种植密度为5.25万株/hm^2条件下,鲁棉研37号株高显著高于德棉16号,整枝方式对株高和果枝数影响不显著;鲁棉研37号简化整枝处理籽棉产量和皮棉产量均最高,且籽棉产量显著高于精细整枝处理,德棉16号在不整枝处理下籽棉产量和皮棉产量最高,与精细整枝处理无显著差异,但显著高于简化整枝处理;不同整枝方式对两个品种纤维上半部平均长度和整齐度指数存在一定影响,但纤维指标均能达标。由此可见,在该密度条件下,株型紧凑型品种鲁棉研37号更适合简化整枝处理,松散型品种德棉16号更适合不整枝处理。     

盐胁迫对两个豌豆品种萌发及出苗影响的研究

以两个豌豆（Pisum sativum L．）品种为试验材料,比较分析盐胁迫对它们种子萌发及苗期的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫下,豌豆种子相对发芽率、幼苗株高、幼苗鲜重及幼苗干重与盐浓度之间存在着显著的直线负相关关系;不同NaCl浓度胁迫下的抗性也存在着显著的差异。根据豌豆种子相对发芽率、幼苗株高、幼苗鲜重及幼苗干重等指标综合评定,两个豌豆品种的抗盐能力为：草原22号〉草原20号。     

甲氰菊酯在豌豆中残留动态及安全使用技术

采用气相色谱法及田间试验方法,研究了甲氰菊酯在豌豆中的残留消解动态,并对其安全使用技术进行试验。结果表明,甲氰菊酯在豌豆中原始沉积量因不同施药处理有较大的差别,施用量越大原始沉积量也越高;残留消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,不同施用量的降解速率基本相似,降解系数（︱k︱）=0.167 8±0.001 3,半衰期（DT₅₀）为4.1～4.2 d,降解99 %所需要的时间（T₉₉）为27.1～27.7 d。按常规方法施用甲氰菊酯有效成分5.00 g·（667 m²）^-1,施药1次或间隔7 d连续施药2次,末次施药后第14天的残留量均＜0.5 mg·kg^-1,第24天的残留量均＜0.1 mg·kg^-1,产品质量安全水平分别符合我国叶菜类蔬菜MRL和日本豆类蔬菜MRL的要求。