复合污染土壤中土霉素的吸附行为及其对土壤重金属解吸影响的研究

参考经济合作与发展组织(OECD)化学品试验导则No.106,采用批量平衡试验的方法,探讨了土霉素(Oxytetracycline,OTC)在3种土壤中的吸附解吸特性,并考察了土霉素外加量对土壤中4种代表性重金属元素(铜、锌、铅、镉)解吸量的影响。试验设置的土霉素初始浓度为0.01、0.1、1.0、5.0、10.0、25.0、50.0、100、200和400 mg L-1。结果表明:(1)存在一个土霉素特征浓度,高于或低于该浓度值时土霉素的吸附性质有所差异,且高低两个浓度范围内的数据均能用Freundlich模型与Langmuir模型较好地拟合;(2)当土霉素浓度在0~25 mg L-1之间时,能在土壤表面与重金属发生竞争吸附,且重金属解吸量随土霉素浓度的增加而增加;当土霉素浓度在25~100 mg L-1之间时,部分游离态重金属以与土霉素的络合物形式重新固定于土壤表面,土壤重金属的解吸量随土霉素浓度增加而减少;土霉素浓度高于100 mg L-1时,体系p H相对于对照有明显下降,土壤重金属的解吸量与土霉素浓度又呈正相关。     

三种抗菌药体外对鸡败血支原体的敏感性

本研究测定了蒽诺沙星、泰乐菌素及土霉素对鸡败血支原体（BG44T株）的体外最小抑菌浓度（MIC）及泰乐菌素与土霉素的联合药敏作用。MIC测定采用试管两倍稀释法，联合药敏采用棋盘法，重复三次试验，以平均值作为结果。蒽诺沙星、泰乐菌素及土霉素对鸡败血支原体的MIC分别为0.025μg/ml、0.00625μg/ml和0.5μg/ml。泰乐菌素与土霉素的联合药敏试验的抑菌浓度指数为0.5，合用有协同作用。     

Efficacy of Long Acting Oxytetracycline in the Treatment and Control of Bovine Dermatophilosis

Abstract— Fifty-two cattle on two ranches in St. Kitts were divided into initial treatment and control groups, matched as closely as possible by age, sex and extent of dermatophilosis. Nine unaffected animals were included. The initial treatment group was given long-acting oxytetracycline at the rate of 20 mg.kg^-1. After 4 weeks the control group was similarly treated. The cattle were observed at weekly intervals for a total of 6 weeks. In each group there was a pronounced decrease in the extent of the disease after treatment. This was most apparent in lightly affected animals and on the trunk. Lesions tended to persist in the tick predilection sites and extremities. Complete recovery occurred in 8 (21 per cent) of cattle. The disease tended to recur in treated animals particularly on one of the ranches in which a low standard of husbandry prevailed. On the other ranch improvements in tick control and feeding were associated with a continuing low level of infection. The results show that long-acting oxytetracycline can be used to conveniently halt outbreaks of dermatophilosis and allow time for changes in management designed to reduce recurrence of the disease. Résumé— 52 bovins présents sur 2 ranchs à Saint-Kitts, ont été divisés en groupes d'animaux traités et en groupe d'animaux témoins, répartis aussi minutieusement que possible selon l'âge, le sexe et l'extension de la dermatophilose. Le groupe des animaux traités a reçu de l'oxytétracycline-retard à la dose de 20 mg.kg^-1. Après 4 semaines, le groupe d'animaux témoins fut traité de la même manière. Les bovins furent observés une fois par semaine pendant une durée totale de 6 semaines. Dans chaque groupe, il y eut une baisse sensible de l'extension de la maladie après le traitement. Ce fut le plus manifeste sur des animaux légèrement atteints et sur le tronc. Les lésions ont tendu à persister sur les sites de prédilection des tiques et sur les extrémités. Une guérison complète fut notée sur 8 (21%) des bovins. Les maladies tendaient à récidiver sur les animaux traités, principalement dans l'un des ranchs, où les conditions d'entretien étaient d'un niveau médiocre. Dans l'autre ranch, des améliorations dans l'erradication des tiques et dans l'alimentation ont été associées avec la persistance d'un niveau faible d'infection. Les résultats montrent que l'oxytétracycline retard peut être utilisée pour árrêter commodément les poussées de dermatophilose et laisser du temps pour modifier les méthods afin de récluire la récidive de la maladie. Zusammenfassung— 52 Rinder in zwei Betrieben auf St. Kitts wurden in je eine Erstbehandlungs-und eine Kontrollgruppe aufgeteilt, die mÖglichst ähnlich in Alter, Geschlecht und Ausprägungsgrad der Dermatophilose waren. Neun dieser Tiere waren nicht erkrankt. Die Erstbehandlungsgruppe erhielt ein Langzeit-Oxytetracyclin in der Dosierung von 20mg.kg^-1. Nach 4 Wochen wurde die Kontrollgruppe nach dem gleichen Schema behandelt. Die Tiere wurden über einen Zeitraum von sechs Wochen in wÖchentlichen Abständen untersucht. In beiden Gruppen besserte sich der Schweregrad der Erkrankung nach Therapie deutlich, besonders bei den nur leicht befallenen Tieren und bei Läsionen im Stammbereich. Dagegen neigten die Veränderungen an den Prädilektionsstellen für Zecken und an den Gliedmaßen zur Persistenz. Acht der Tiere (21%) wurden vÖllig wiederhergestellt. Die Erkrankung neigte aber bei den therapierten Tieren zu Rezidiven, vor allem in einem der Betriebe mit niedrigem Pflegeniveau. Nach den vorliegenden Untersuchungen ist die Verwendung von Langzeit-Oxytetracyclin ein brauchbares Mittel, um die Dermatophilose zum Stillstand zu bringen und neue Ausbrüche zu verhindern, bis weitere Änderungen im Management zur Verringerung der Rezidivrate getroffen worden sind. Resumen Cincuenta y dos vacas de 2 explotaciones en St. Kitts se dividieron en un grupo de tratamiento y un grupo de control. Ambos grupos contenian aproximadamente la misma distributión de sexos y la dermatofilosis estaba extendida en igual medida. Se incluyeron 9 animales no afectados. Los animates del grupo de tratamiento inicial recibieron oxitetraciclina de actión retardada a una dosis de 20mg.kg^-1. Cuatro semanas más tarde los animales del grupo de control recibieron el mismo tratamiento. Las vacas fueron observadas semanalmente durante 6 semanas. En cada grupo se produjo una marcada reducción en la extensién de la enfermedad después del tratamiento. Esto fue más marcado en aquellos animales afectados sólo de forma leve en la región del tronco. Las lesiones tendian a persistir en las zonas de predilectión de las garrapatas y en las extremidades. En ocho animales se observó una curatión completa (21%). La enfermedad tendia a recidivar en los animales tratados expecialmente en una de las explotaciones en la cual se mantenían unas condiciones de cría bastante desfavorables. En la otra explotación el control de garrapatas y una mejoria en la alimentatión aparecieron asociadas a un bajo nivel de presentación de la enfermedad. Estos resultados indican que la oxitetraciclina de actión retardada puede utilizarse para controlar focos de dermatofilosis, produciendo remisiones que permiten mejorar el manejo de las explotaciones y evitar recidivas de la enfermedad.     

Biology of Larks (Aves: Alaudidae) in the Central Namib Desert

1. The biology of six species of larks in the Namib Desert near Walvis Bay, South West Africa, was studied in 1964, 1965 and 1966.

2. All species reproduced following rainfall in summer and autumn months, with the appearance of green grass and abundant insects on which the birds fed.

3. The primarily insectivorous species, Certhilauda albofasciata, shows no seasonality in moulting and testicular development, and reproduces whenever local rainfall results in favourable feeding and nesting circumstances, while the primarily granivorous Spizoeorys starki and Eremopterix verticalis have markedly seasonal testicular and moulting cycles timed so that reproduction occurs only during the late summer and autumn months. Ammomanes grayi is intermediate in food habits and in timing of moulting and reproduction, and C. albescens and Mirafra naevia may also be intermediate in this respect.

4. S. starki and E. verticalis are the only larks that normally drink, but flocks of both species were observed that were independent of drinking water.

5. Larks avoid heat stress during daytime by keeping to the shade of stones, tufts of vegetation and mouths of rodent burrows; and nests are nearly always placed on the shady side of a stone' or tuft of grass.

6. It is suggested that larks may be successful desert occupants because they have not become highly specialized and therefore can tolerate rapidly and severely changing environ-mental conditions associated with drought and irregular rainfall.     

长效土霉素注射液的配方筛选及其质量浓度测定

筛选长效土霉素注射液的最优配方,制备长效土霉素注射液,并对土霉素质量浓度进行测定。通过预试验,确定长效土霉素注射液的各组分及其大致范围,以质量浓度变化量为检测指标,利用正交试验确定长效土霉素注射液的最优配方。制备长效土霉素注射液,并利用紫外分光光度法对土霉素有效质量浓度进行考察,计算其回收率。长效土霉素注射液的最优配方为,每100 mL长效土霉素注射液中含有30 g盐酸土霉素、6 g MgCl2、0.6 g甲醛合次硫酸氢钠、60 mL复合有机溶媒(由甘油甲缩醛和聚乙二醇200按照适当比例配制)、7.5 g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮K175、.4 mL单乙醇胺、其余为注射用水。所制备的长效土霉素注射液在5~30mg/L时呈现良好线性关系,平均回收率为97.86%,RSD为1.15%。该长效土霉素注射液的配方合理,土霉素效价稳定,产品回收率高。     

HPLC测定猪肉食品中四环素族抗生素残留

[目的]建立一种采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）测定肉类食品中四环素族抗生素残留量的新方法。[方法]首先,用Na2EDTA-McIl-vaine缓冲溶液提取样品,并用三氯乙酸除去其中的蛋白质;然后,用HLB固相萃取柱进行净化;最后,采用高效液相色谱仪测定含量,并用外标法定量。[结果]Na2EDTA-McIlvaine缓冲溶液的pH值为4.5时,四环素族抗生素回收率最高,最大吸收波长为355 nm,最低检测限为100μg/L。3个添加水平的回收率均在68.5%-94.7%,相对标准偏差为2.5%-9.1%。[结论]该方法简便、快速、准确、精密度高,适用于肉类食品中四环素族抗生素残留量的检测。     

Efficacy, tissue distribution, and residue depletion of oxytetracycline in WS-RLP infected California red abalone Haliotis rufescens

Oxytetracycline (OTC) was recently demonstrated to be an effective therapeutant for California red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) infected with the agent of withering syndrome (WS), a Rickettsia-like prokaryote (WS-RLP). This study examined the influence of temperature on the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of oral OTC treatments on WS-RLP infected red abalone, H. rufescens. Medication was administered in an artificial diet containing 1.85% active OTC at a rate of 103.4 mg/kg abalone for 10, 20 and 30 days at both 13.4 °C and 17.3 °C. Drug residue concentrations, WS-RLP burden and WS-associated pathological changes within foot muscle and digestive gland were measured 3, 17, 23, 42, 63, 81, 102, 122, and 160 days after OTC treatment. In all samples the highest concentrations of OTC were detected on the first sample day. Furthermore, all sampling periods showed significantly less OTC in foot muscle samples relative to corresponding digestive gland samples (p < 0.001). While drug depuration occurred rapidly from foot muscle, unusually high concentrations and long depuration times were measured within the digestive gland. The pharmacokinetic trends in both the foot muscle and digestive gland at 13.4 °C were adequately described by a one-compartment model, while the digestive gland depuration models within the 17.3 °C treatments conformed to a two-compartment model. At both temperatures treatment duration gave rise to significant differences in OTC accumulation and depletion (p < 0.001). Despite this, terminal elimination rate constants were similar. Estimated half-lives were similar among all treatments for digestive gland (23.8–27.5 d) and all treatments for the foot muscle at 13.4 °C (10.7–13.4 d; calculated only for the 13.4 °C treatments). At both temperatures all three durations of drug treatment led to significant reductions in WS-RLP prevalence, foot muscle atrophy, and mortality. WS-RLP re-challenge trials initiated 44, 88, and 122 days following the 10-day treatment at 17.3 °C showed reduced susceptibility to re-infection for up to 88 days after treatment, suggesting that digestive gland OTC residues confer long-term resistance to pathogen. Atomic absorption spectroscopy conducted on both foot muscle and digestive gland found significantly higher concentrations of iron, zinc, and manganese in the digestive gland, offering an explanation behind the underlying mechanism of OTC retention for extended periods within this tissue.     

Vaccination using phase I vaccine is effective to control Coxiella burnetii shedding in infected dairy cattle herds

The effectiveness of the vaccination of dairy cows combined or not with antibiotics (i.e. oxytetracycline) to control Coxiella burnetii (Cb) shedding at herd level was investigated in 77 Q fever clinically affected herds. In addition to nulliparous heifers’ vaccination, one out of the four following medical strategies was randomly assigned to dairy cows in each herd: vaccination (using a phase I vaccine) alone, vaccination combined with oxytetracycline, oxytetracycline alone or nothing. Their effectiveness to reduce Cb load in quarterly samples of bulk tank milk (BTM) and of pooled milk of primiparous (MP) was assessed through logistic hierarchical models. A significant reduction in Cb load was observed in herds where the vaccination of ≥80% of dairy cows was implemented; whereas the use of antibiotics was uneffective. Our findings support the interest of a whole vaccination strategy and provide evidence for decreasing the use of antibiotics in dairy cattle herds.     

长效土霉素注射液在猪体内的药动学及相对生物利用度研究

对7头健康猪随机交叉设计进行单剂量肌肉注射国产30％长效土霉素注射液和进口20％长效土霉素注射液药动学试验,给药剂量以土霉素计均为20mg／kg体重。用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,血药浓度一时间数据用MCPKP计算机程序处理。30％长效土霉素注射液和20％长效土霉素注射液主要药动学参数分别为：吸收半衰期（t1／2ka）为（0．088±0．016）、（0．140±0．076）h;消除半衰期（t1／2β）为（52．499±22．885）、（36．481±21．673）h;达峰时间（Lmax）为（0．609±0．100）、（0．832±0．373）h;峰浓度（Cmax）为（4．956±1．171）、（5．0184-0．948）μg／mL;药时曲线下面积（AUG）为（112．483±18．135）、（109．877±19．949）mg／L·h;以20％长效土霉素注射液为对照物,30％长效土霉素注射液的相对生物利用度（F）为（105．368±26．027）％。结果表明,国产30％长效土霉素注射液与进口20％长效土霉素注射液相比,主要药动学参数无显著差异。此结论为临床合理使用该剂型提供了依据和指导。     

烟草幼苗对土霉素的吸收、累积及对其生长的影响

为探究抗生素这种新型的环境污染物，通过水、土壤和有机肥料进入到烟草生产环境中后是否会被烟草吸收，并在烟株体内积累，影响烟株的生长发育，造成烟叶质量下降，本研究选取一种较为典型的抗生素（土霉素），研究其在烟苗中的累积与分布及对烟苗生长的影响，结果表明：该抗生素表现出抑制烤烟幼苗生长发育的趋势，且随着处理时间和浓度的增加，烤烟幼苗的根、茎、叶吸收土霉素的含量增加，这表明环境中的抗生素不仅可以被烟株吸收并在其体内积累，且对烟株的生长发育有负面作用。