Persistence of native fishes in small streams of the urbanized San Francisco Estuary,California: acknowledging the role of urban streams in native fish conservation

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Leaf litter decomposition in a chaparral ecosystem, Southern California

Decomposition losses from leaves of three evergreen chaparral species, scrub oak (Quercus dumosa), ceanothus (Ceanothus crassifolius), and manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca), were quantified over a 2-y field exposure using litterbags. Changes in ash-free dry mass, C, and N were monitored at 2- to 6-month intervals at four replicate sites composed of patches of these three chaparral species. Three proximate C fractions were extracted from fresh and decomposing litter samples: polar and non-polar extractives (EXT), acid-solubles (ACID), and acid-insolubles (KLIG). The chemical structure of fresh and decomposed litter was additionally characterized using high-resolution solid-state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, while morphological properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After 2 y, the litters had lost between 20.7%±1.2 (Ceanothus) and 35.2%±6.8 (Quercus) of their original ash-free dry mass. The manzanita decomposed at a significantly faster rate than the other two litter types during the first few months of field exposure. Yet, after 2 y, mass loss was greater for the oak. Differences in decomposition rates could not be accounted for based on a single litter quality index. Fresh manzanita exhibited a significantly higher N content, which could explain its initially faster decay rate. Fresh oak litter, on the other hand, had a relatively high ACID and O-alkyl C (O-ALK) content, which may have been responsible for its decay pattern. Fresh ceanothus contained a relatively low KLIG content, yet it decomposed more slowly than the two other species. The solid-state ¹³C NMR spectra of the ceanothus litter had two peaks characteristic of proanthocyanidins, which likely contributed to the recalcitrance of this litter type. SEM revealed that ceanothus leaf surfaces were left nearly unchanged after field exposure. In comparison, the oak and manzanita leaf surfaces were pitted and covered by microbial growth to the point of being unrecognizable. Taken together, our results indicate that a combination of biological, physical and chemical factors need to be examined to clarify the different decomposition rates and patterns of these three chaparral species.     

“三农”问题与农业现代化

现代化具有整体性和关联性。农业、农民、农村(“三农”)问题的解决是实现农业现代化的关键。解决“三农”问题,必须创新体制,以解决农民问题为突破口,提高农民的整体素质,调整农业产业结构,促进农业可持续发展。     

A method for the use of landscape metrics in freshwater research and management

Freshwater research and management efforts could be greatly enhanced by a better understanding of the relationship between landscape-scale factors and water quality indicators. This is particularly true in urban areas, where land transformation impacts stream systems at a variety of scales. Despite advances in landscape quantification methods, several studies attempting to elucidate the relationship between land use/land cover (LULC) and water quality have resulted in mixed conclusions. However, these studies have largely relied on compositional landscape metrics. For urban and urbanizing watersheds in particular, the use of metrics that capture spatial pattern may further aid in distinguishing the effects of various urban growth patterns, as well as exploring the interplay between environmental and socioeconomic variables. However, to be truly useful for freshwater applications, pattern metrics must be optimized based on characteristic watershed properties and common water quality point sampling methods. Using a freely available LULC data set for the Santa Clara Basin, California, USA, we quantified landscape composition and configuration for subwatershed areas upstream of individual sampling sites, reducing the number of metrics based on: (1) sensitivity to changes in extent and (2) redundancy, as determined by a multivariate factor analysis. The first two factors, interpreted as (1) patch density and distribution and (2) patch shape and landscape subdivision, explained approximately 85% of the variation in the data set, and are highly reflective of the heterogeneous urban development pattern found in the study area. Although offering slightly less explanatory power, compositional metrics can provide important contextual information.     

“广灵散”治疗犬腹泻疗效观察

探索以乳酸菌为主、配合中药制剂制成复方制剂——广灵散治疗犬腹泻的临床效果。将30例腹泻犬随机分成广灵散治疗组和抗生素治疗组。结果表明,各药物对犬腹泻的有效率达到100%;抗生素组治愈时间较广灵散组短;肠道菌群检测结果显示,抗生素在杀灭致病性大肠杆菌的同时也使肠道中益生菌(乳酸杆菌)的数量减少,肠道菌群的不平衡性仍没有解决。而广灵散组虽然在治疗时间上比抗生素组长,但广灵散不仅能减少大肠杆菌的数量,而且能增加肠道中益生菌(乳酸杆菌)的数量,使肠道菌群恢复平衡。     

中药复方壮腰散对小鼠睾丸发育及抗缺氧能力效果观察

以牦牛鞭为主,辅以其他中药制成中药复方壮腰散,分别饲喂小白鼠,观察其对小鼠睾丸发育和抗缺氧、抗疲劳、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力的影响。结果表明,单用牦牛鞭能促进小白鼠睾丸发育和增强其免疫力;牦牛鞭配以其他中药组成复方,不仅能促进睾丸发育,而且对提高小鼠的抗缺氧能力、抗疲劳能力均有显著作用。     

黄连解毒固体分散体制备方法及质量评价

采用固体分散技术制备黄连解毒固体分散体,对其进行处方筛选及正交试验优化工艺,以盐酸小檗碱溶出度为主要指标,从性状、粒度、含量、稳定性等方面评价其质量。结果表明,通过溶剂一熔融法制备黄连解毒散固体分散体最为适宜的条件是：载体和中药散剂的比例为1：3、熔融温度100℃、反应时间1h。制备的黄连解毒固体分散体性质稳定,盐酸小檗碱的平均含量为12．98mg／g,90min时溶出度均可达93％以上。     

‘72杨’韧皮部的构造与理化性能

将‘72杨’、杉木和毛竹的木质部进行对比试验,观察并测试‘72杨’韧皮部的解剖构造以及理化特性,为其高值化利用提供基础数据。使用场发射环境扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等设备和NREL标准对‘72杨’韧皮部的微观结构、结晶度、化学成分等物化性质进行测定与分析。研究结果表明,‘72杨’韧皮部中韧皮薄壁细胞和筛管分子占细胞总面积的(81.9±1.8)%,结构相对简单。‘72杨’韧皮部气干密度为0.358 g/cm3,绝干密度为0.321 g/cm3;而木质部的相应密度较高,分别为0.497和0.482 g/cm3;‘72杨’韧皮部结晶度仅为19.4%,比木质部低8.7%。‘72杨’韧皮部纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的含量分别为28.7%,11.1%,24.1%,均低于木质部中相应成分的含量,且木质化程度低,半纤维素以木糖为主。此外,由红外谱图发现‘72杨’韧皮部含有单宁、酚类、胼胝质等物质。‘72杨’韧皮部具有低密多孔、结构疏松、结晶度低、木质素含量低、抽提物含量高等特点。因此,‘72杨’韧皮部特别有利于机械(能耗低)或化学(抗降解屏障低)降解以及物化改性(多孔、可及性强),可提取酚类、单宁、胼胝质等物质用于工业应用,研究结果可为‘72杨’韧皮部的高值化利用提供重要的理论依据。     

RP-HPLC双波长法测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

建立了反向高效液相色谱法检测四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯含量的方法。试验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.2%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温30℃;穿心莲内酯检测波长226 nm,脱水穿心莲内酯检测波长252 nm;穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量测定范围分别为2.32~37.14μg/m L(r=1.0000),2.00~31.94μg/m L(r=1.0000);加样平均回收率分别为99.12%、98.84%;RSD分别为0.60%、0.62%;该方法方便、准确、可靠,适用于测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量。     

HPLC-PDA方法同时检测黄连解毒散中非法添加的对乙酰氨基酚和盐酸溴己新

为同时检测黄连解毒散中非法添加的对乙酰氨基酚和盐酸溴己新,以十八烷基键合硅胶为填充剂,1%冰醋酸溶液(用三乙胺调剂p H值至4.0)为流动相A,甲醇为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L/min,波长扫描范围为210~400 nm,柱温25℃,建立了HPLC-PAD检测方法,并采用峰纯度检查和光谱相似度检查辅助对照品比对方法,对非法添加药物进行确证。结果显示,对乙酰氨基酚和盐酸溴己新的回收率分别为98.6%和99.4%,RSD分别为0.6%和0.2%;线性方程分别为y=43408x-401.96,R2=1和y=14331x-1682.4,R2=1;检测限分别为1和5 mg/g;定量限分别为2和10 mg/g。本方法简洁、灵敏、可靠,可同时对黄连解毒散中非法添加的对乙酰氨基酚和盐酸溴己新违禁药物进行定性和定量检测。