Constitutive equations for dilute bubble suspensions and rheological behavior in simple shear and uniaxial elongational flow fields

A theoretical model is proposed in order to investigate rheological behavior of bubble suspension with large deformation. Theoretical constitutive equations for dilute bubble suspensions are derived by applying a deformation theory of ellipsoidal droplet [1] to a phenomenological suspension theory [2]. The rate of deformation tensor within the bubble and the time evolution of interface tensor are predicted by applying the proposed constitutive equations, which have two free fitting parameters. The transient and steady rheological properties of dilute bubble suspensions are studied for several capillary numbers (Ca) under simple shear flow and uniaxial elongational flow fields. The retraction force of the bubble caused by the interfacial tension increases as bubbles undergo deformation. The transient and steady relative viscosity decreases asCa increases. The normal stress difference (NSD) under the simple shear has the largest value whenCa is around 1 and the ratio of the first NSD to the second NSD has the value of 3/4 for largeCa but 2 for smallCa. In the uniaxial elongational flow, the elongational viscosity is three times as large as the shear viscosity like the Newtonian fluid.     

中国大豆种子蛋白中胰蛋白酶抑制剂等位基因的频率及分布

我国１．９万份大豆（栽、野）种质资源的胰蛋白酶抑制剂（ＳＢＴＩ）等位基因电泳分析结果指出，９８．２％的材料具有Ｔ型，１．３％的材料具有Ｔ型。在野生材料中发现有Ｔ类型。三种基因型出现的频率比例为１００：１．３：０．２。未发现不含胰蛋白酶抑制剂的ｔｉ型材料．栽培种Ｔｉ类型单一，野生种Ｔｉ类型变异较大。     

稻秸对土壤细菌群落分子多态性的影响

模拟稻秸原位还田条件,分别在水稻土和红壤中添加水稻秸秆培养70d ,第0、5、2 5、4 5、70天采集土样。采用非机械破壁法直接提取水稻土和红壤细菌总DNA ,水稻土细菌总DNA经过二次纯化;红壤细菌总DNA经过一次纯化后,PCR扩增其16SrDNAV3可变区,均可获得清晰的目的条带,对扩增产物进行DGGE分析,结果显示:水稻土和红壤样品的DGGE条带增加,说明稻秸能够增加土壤细菌群落分子多态性的丰富度,随着培养期的延长,施有稻秸的处理中土壤细菌群落多态性的变化远远复杂于空白对照土壤中的细菌群落变化;同时发现在稻秸刺激下不同土壤细菌群落多态性高峰期出现时间不同     

Assessing the Genetic Diversity in the International Cocoa Genebank,Trinidad (ICG,T) using Isozyme Electrophoresis and RAPD

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and isozyme electrophoresis (IE) techniques were used to estimate the level of genetic diversity in a sample of cacao germplasm existing at the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. Twenty-six cocoa populations represented by 459 cocoa genotypes were analysed using IE and 22 populations represented by 353 cocoa genotypes were analysed using RAPD. Despite few differences in the classification of the populations, both techniques revealed three major groups: the indigenous trees, the cultivated Trinitario and the cultivated trees from Ecuador. Two-thirds of the partitioned diversity were found within populations and one-third between the populations, with both techniques.     

Variation in avenanthramide content in spring oat over multiple environments

Avenanthramides (AVNs), a group of phytochemicals which are unique to oats, provide health benefits through antioxidant activity and other bioactivities. In this study, we explored genotype-by-environment interactions and heritability for AVN concentrations in oats. Avenanthramide concentrations were quantified for 100 breeding lines and cultivars at three locations over two years. While year and environment had an influence on AVN concentrations, with the influence of year being more apparent than that of environment within a year, genotype had the largest impact on AVN concentration. All three major AVNs were found to be heritable. Two methods of calculating heritability on a line mean basis were used. The statistical method yielded heritability estimates of 0.34, 0.39, and 0.41 for AVN 2c, AVN 2p, and AVN 2f, respectively. By comparison the traditional plant breeding method yielded heritability estimates of 0.82, 0.88, and 0.89 for AVN 2c, AVN 2p, and AVN 2f, respectively, indicating that expected gains will be dependent on the scale of the breeding program, the number of target environments, and climate variability. The estimated heritabilities and the 11-fold range in AVN concentrations in the 100 genotypes studied provided evidence that variability for AVN concentration should allow breeding progress for higher AVN concentration.     

Rheological properties of wheat flour processed at low levels of hydration: Influence of starch and gluten

The rheological properties of wheat flour under processing such as extrusion (with 28% moisture content, wet basis) are influenced by the molecular changes its components undergo during processing. But, there was no simple relationship between the wheat-flour characteristics and their rheological properties. In order to investigate the quantitative and qualitative effects of the individual flour components on rheological properties, model blends of wheat starch and wheat gluten with different starch/gluten ratios were studied. The effects of gluten and starch quality were also investigated by using different gluten types and by modifying the amylose content of starch, respectively. The shear viscosity of the blends, determined by capillary rheometry under controlled conditions (35% moisture content, 140 °C), was observed to be modified by both gluten and amylose content. The changes undergone by wheat gluten under these conditions were analysed by HPLC, to determine the levels of unextractable polymeric proteins, and by Lab-on-a-Chip analysis of protein composition, to follow the polymerisation of protein under processing. This study indicated that in low hydrated products in the molten state, shear viscosity is affected by the structure of the blends as determined by fluorescence microscopy and by the molecular changes occurring during processing.     

8种淡水鱼类血清蛋白质的初步研究

通过乙酸纤维素薄膜电泳,分离了8种鱼类的血清蛋白质成份并测定了其各组成份的相对含量。着重比较了γ球蛋白含量的差异性。     

微量法快速提取甘薯叶DNA条件的优化

[目的]筛选出一种简便快捷的DNA微量提取方法。[方法]从不同处理甘薯植株的叶片中提取DNA样品并用紫外分光光度法和琼脂糖凝胶电泳法检测其纯度和质量。[结果]正常光照下甘薯植株的DNA产量最高,48h黑暗处理的次之,24h黑暗处理的最低。在正常光照下和48h黑暗处理中项芽的DNA产量都明显高于叶片;在24h黑暗处理中,顶芽与叶片的DNA产量比较接近。叶片DNA的纯度高于顶芽,正常光照下和24h黑暗处理中DNA的纯度高于48h黑暗处理中的。DNA电泳图谱表明,正常光照下叶片DNA的电泳条带一般比顶芽的好。48h黑暗处理中顶芽和叶片DNA的电泳条带没有很大差异。[结论]该试验为大批量实生苗DNA的快速提取和多种分子生物学研究奠定了实践基础。     

用振荡代替高速匀浆测定果蔬中的有机磷农药残留

采用NY／T761-2008方法,用振荡代替高速匀浆,测定果蔬中的有机磷农药残留。结果表明：杀螟硫磷和对硫磷的平均回收率分别为94．7％和76．7％,相对标准偏差分别为1．94％和0．2％,均符合要求。该方法简便易行,适合批量处理样品,提高样品处理过程的平行性,且节省时间和人力。