祁连山不同类型草地植被群落及牧草营养特征研究

祁连山是我国重要的生态屏障,对不同类型草地植被的研究可为草地资源的合理保护和利用提供参考。本研究采用样方法,采集并分析了祁连山东段4种不同类型的草地植被群落特征,并对牧草营养进行综合评定。结果表明：不同类型草地植被和功能群落存在差异,其中高寒草甸植被香农威纳、优势度和丰富度指数显著高于其他3类草地（P<0.05）;地上生物量表现为高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸显著低于草原化草甸和人工草地（P<0.05）,地下生物量则相反。不同类型草地牧草营养和牧草碳、氮、磷含量存在不同程度的差异。综合比较不同草地类型植被群落特征,牧草碳、氮、磷含量以及牧草营养,发现高寒草甸的植被群落稳定性,牧草营养最优,沼泽化草甸次之,草原化草甸最差。     

草原补奖政策下牧户家庭收入的影响研究——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟为例

为探究草原补奖政策对牧户家庭收入的影响,本研究基于锡林郭勒盟219户牧民调研数据,运用分位数回归模型,对牧民收入的影响因素和作用程度进行分析。结果显示：草原补奖政策促进牧民增收,尤其是对低收入牧户家庭增收效果显著;草场使用面积、年初家畜数量、劳动力比例、家畜出生率及出售率对牧民收入具有显著正影响,当草场使用面积、年初家畜数量分别增加1公顷、1羊单位,人均总收入分别提高0.02%,0.15%;劳动力比例、家畜出生率及出售率分别提高1%时,人均总收入分别提高0.65%,0.43%,1.83%;各因素对不同收入家庭的收入影响及作用程度具有差异性,即随着收入水平的提高,劳动力比例增收效果趋于加强,而家畜出生率和出售率的增收效果则趋于减弱。因此,建议引导牧民发展畜牧业适度规模经营、加大畜牧业社会化服务体系建设等以提高牧民收入水平。     

不同退化程度高寒草甸植物物种多样性与生态系统多功能性关系

为探究高寒草甸不同退化程度生态系统多功能性的变化,本研究综合考虑了植物物种多样性和多种生态系统功能如生产力、养分循环和固存能力、土壤涵养水分能力等,运用降维因子分析的方法计算了生态系统多功能性,综合分析了植物物种多样性与生态系统功能和多功能性间的关系。结果表明：高寒草甸退化显著降低了Margalef指数、Shannon-weiner指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数(P<0.05),各生态系统功能趋于恶化。高寒草甸退化导致生态系统多功能性的下降,综合统计量结果为轻度退化(21.9955)＞中度退化(8.7295)＞重度退化(—30.7245)。植物物种多样性与生态系统多功能性之间均存在正相关关系,其中Simpson指数与生态系统多功能性指数拟合的结果最好,说明高寒草甸生态系统多功能性受植物物种多样性的制约。本研究可为青藏高原草地退化及恢复的过程和机理研究提供理论依据。     

高寒地区栽培牧草化感效应缓解初探

为研究探讨土壤微生物对化感效应的潜在作用,以高寒草地生态修复常用牧草为研究对象,通过室内生物学实验,测定种子发芽率及幼苗的苗高、根长和干重,计算分析化感综合效应。结果显示：以未灭菌土壤U100为基质的5种牧草种子发芽率均为最高,完全灭菌土壤U0的均为最低,不同比例未灭菌土壤U75,U50和U25则因牧草种子的不同而表现出不同差异;幼苗生长方面,‘青海’垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans ‘Qinghai’)、‘同德’老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus ‘Tongde’)和‘青海’中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis Qinghai)幼苗苗高随灭菌土壤增加而减小;5种牧草幼苗的根长均在U100处理下最长;幼苗干重的变化趋势同苗高相似。未灭菌土壤对5种牧草的影响主要表现在根系生长和干重方面。研究证明在幼苗生长阶段土壤微生物对根系生长至关重要,土壤微生物能缓解化感效应提高种子发芽率,但对不同物种的影响存在差异。     

湿地保护与管理之我见

本文对湿地保护与管理存在的问题进行了阐述 ,提出了科学合理的保护与管理建议 ,对今后湿地规划与开发具有重要意义。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌菌种保藏

采用砂土管和滤纸片两种保藏方法，对分属３１个亚种的６１株有代表性的苏云金芽孢杆菌经过１－２３年保存后的菌体存活情况，形态特征及对林业主要害虫舞毒蛾幼虫的杀虫活性进行了试验，并对苏云金芽孢杆菌５个亚种的标准菌株和保存不同年限后的１１项生理生化特性及酯酶型进行了测定。     

Comparing genetic diversity in agroforestry systems with natural forest: a case study of the important timber tree Vitex fischeri in central Kenya

It is possible that current tree domestication practices undertaken by farmers reduce the genetic base of tree resources on farms, raising concerns regarding the productivity, sustainability and conservation value of agroforestry ecosystems. Here, we assessed possible changes in genetic variation during domestication in the important and heavily utilised timber species, Vitex fischeri Gürke (syn. Vitex keniensis), by comparing geographically proximate forest and farm material in central Kenya. Employing RAPD analysis, a total of 104 polymorphic markers revealed by five arbitrary primers were scored in a total of 65 individuals, 32 from forest and 33 from farmland. Despite concerns of possible genetic erosion, forest and farm stands did not differ significantly in levels of genetic variation, with H values of 0.278 and 0.269, respectively. However, Mantel tests did reveal greater geographically related associative genetic structure among individuals in farm rather than forest material, with r _M values of 0.217 and 0.114, respectively. A more detailed analysis of structure suggested this could be due to local variation in origin of some on-farm trees. Implications of data for the genetic management of V. fischeri stands during farmer-led tree domestication activities are discussed. At present, there appears little reason to reject on-farm V. fischeri as a source of germplasm for future on-farm planting or for conservation purposes, although this situation may change and will require monitoring.     

添加水对半干旱区沙质草地土壤氮有效性季节变化的影响(英文)

Water is usally thought of a limiting factor for the restoration of semi-arid ecosystem. In the growing season of 2006, a study was conducted to determine the effects of modeling precipitation on seasonal patterns in concentrations of soil-available nitrogen and to describe the seasonal patterns in soil nitrogen availability and seasonal variation in the rates of net nitrogen mineralization of topsoil at Daqinggou ecological station in Keerqin sand lands, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Manipulation of water (80 mm) was designed to be added to experiment plots of sandy grasslands in dry season. Water addition (W) treatment and control (CK) treatment were separately taken in six replications and randomly assigned in 12 plots (4 m×4 m for each) with 2-m buffers betweens. Results showed that the content of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rate were not affected by adding water in sandy grassland of Keerqin sand lands. Net nitrogen mineralization rates ranged from 0.5 μg·g-1·month-1 to 4 μg·g-1·month-1. The highest values of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization occurred on October 15 in control plots. The seasonal changes of soil inorganic nitrogen contents exhibited "V" shape pattern that was related to seasonal patterns of soil ammonium-N (ascending trend) and nitrate-N transformation (descending trend).     

中国国家重点保护野生植物现状

国家林业局于1996年始在全国范围内组织了国家重点保护野生植物资源调查，历时5年，被调查的野生植物物种共191种(含变种)。调查表明，盐桦(Betula halophila)、金平桦(Betula jinpingensis)、秤锤树(Sinojachia xylocarpa)3树种此次调查未找到。原产地野生仅存1～10株的木本植物有12种：普陀鹅耳枥(Carpinus putoensis)、绒毛皂荚(Gleditia japonica var.velutina）、丹霞梧桐(Firmiana danxiaensis)、广西火桐(Erythropsis kwangsiensis)、百山祖冷杉(Abies beshanzuensis)、羊角槭(Acer yangjuechi)、云南蓝果树(Nyssa yunnanensis)、猪血木(Euryodendron excelsum)、天目铁木(Ostrya rehderiana)、华盖木(Manglietiastrum sinicum)、滇桐(Craigia yunnanensis)、膝柄木(Bhesa sinensis)。原产地野生仅存11～100株的木本植物有9种：峨眉拟单性木兰(Parakmeria omeiensis)、天台鹅耳枥(Carpinus tientaiensis)、景东翅子树(Pterospermum kingtungense)、巧家五针松(Pinus squamata)、紫檀(Pterocarpus indicus)、梓叶槭(Acer catalpifolium)、异形玉叶金花(Mussaenda anomala)、广西青梅(Vatica guangxiensis)、毛枝五针松(Pinus wangii)。仅存50000株以下的国家重点保护的野生植物共有85种，占191种的44．5％，形势异常严峻。报告分析了不同区域和空间野生植物分布的差异、存在的问题，并提出了5点建议。     

Biodiversity and its fragility in Yunnan, China

In Yunnan, 8 major aspects of biodiversity and fragility in landforms, ecosystems, distribution populations, alien invasion, segregation, pollution and maladministration with various menace factors causing biodiversity loss have been described. It is revealed that the facts that the biodiversity and fragility coexists in this paper. Accordingly, 6 major countermeasures for effective conservation and rational utilization of the provincial biodiversity were suggested on the basis of the scientific development concepts, principles of nature protection, conservation biology, resource management and ethnobotany and present status in Yunnan with rich intangible resources such as climatic, ethnical and cultural diversity, etc.