《农业环境科学学报》2021年刊出论文简评

本文简要地介绍了2021年《农业环境科学学报》刊出论文的总体情况,涉及的栏目和关注的主要污染物等,重点评述了环境健康与农产品安全、废弃物处理及资源化利用、养殖环境和氨排放方面刊出的论文,指出了这些领域应该重点关注的科学问题,呼吁加强农业污染物排放量测定方法的研究。     

核桃实生幼苗光合特性对高磷胁迫的响应

【目的】研究高磷胁迫下核桃砧木苗的光合生理及物质积累特性,为核桃直播建园砧木苗磷肥施用管理提供参考。【方法】 以新新2核桃幼苗为材料,比较其在高磷梯度下生物量、光合特性、荧光特性、光合产物及叶片营养元素的影响。【结果】 核桃实生幼苗的生物量整体随着施磷量的增加呈下降趋势,净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率、初始荧光、最大荧光、最大光化学量子效率及光合色素含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,在P₂处理下达到峰值。核桃幼苗合成的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白随磷梯度的增大呈上升趋势,酸性磷酸酶活性呈下降趋势。核桃砧木苗叶片中硫、钾、钼、锌、硼和铁元素随着供磷水平的升高呈先扬后抑趋势,于P₂处理下达峰值,磷、镁、钙、铜和锰元素随着磷水平的增大而增加,于P₄处理下达到最大值,磷过量不利于核桃幼苗对上述元素的吸收。【结论】 高磷胁迫显著抑制了核桃幼苗的生长及光合作用,打破了实生核桃幼苗各养分含量之间的平衡。磷水平过高或过低都不利于核桃实生幼苗的生长和发育。     

赤潮对羊栖菜产量构成的影响

20 0 0年 4～ 6月 ,浙江省洞头海区发生了 2次赤潮。经测定 ,在该区栽培的羊栖菜 (Hizikiafusiforme)的鲜干比增加 ,日平均增长率、平均长度减少 ,营养生长减慢。羊栖菜个体的繁殖部分受影响较小 ,假根次之 ,主茎、次生叶 (气囊 )、分枝部分受影响最大 ,后者在羊栖菜产量中的比重最大。但在赤潮发生区的羊栖菜未出现明显病烂现象 ,生长发育正常 ,表明羊栖菜对赤潮有一定忍耐力     

舟山水产加工业的现状分析及发展对策探讨

近来,舟山水产加工业的发展较之前有所滑坡,本文通过对近年来舟山水产加工业的总体现状进行分析,并深入探讨问题的根源,进而对舟山水产加工业今后的发展对策提出了若干建议。     

高密度纤维板数控雕刻加工工艺研究

本文以高密度纤维板为原料,采用正交试验探究雕刻工艺对产品质量的影响,得到在该试验水平范围内最优雕刻工艺参数:主轴转速为24000 r·min-1,路径间距为0.20 mm,加工速度为6000 mm·min-1.为数控雕刻在高密度纤维板上应用提供了参考和技术支撑.     

Interaction of Grazing Muzzle Use and Grass Species on Forage Intake of Horses

The impact of horse preference and grass morphology on grazing muzzle effectiveness has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of grazing muzzle use at reducing forage intake when horses grazed grasses with different morphology and preferences. The study was conducted in 2012 and 2013. Four horses were grazed in 2012, and three horses were grazed in 2013. Four species of perennial cool-season grasses were grazed in 2012 including Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), meadow fescue (Schedonorus pratensis Huds.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). In 2013, only Kentucky bluegrass and reed canarygrass were grazed because of winter kill of other species. Horses were allowed to graze a small pasture seeded with an individual species for 4 hours each day in June and August of 2012 and August and September of 2013. Horses grazed the same grass species for two consecutive days, one day with a muzzle and one day without. Before and after each grazing, a strip was mechanically harvested to determine initial and residual herbage mass. The difference was used to estimate forage intake. The effectiveness of a grazing muzzle was not affected by forage species (P ≥ .05). Use of a grazing muzzle decreased the amount of forage consumed by an average of 30% compared with not using a grazing muzzle (P < .0001). Results will aid horse owners and professionals in estimating forage intake of muzzled horses on pasture.     

Microbial Composition before and after Conservation of Grass-Dominated Haylage Harvested Early,Middle, and Late in the Season

Haylage for horses is often harvested in late plant maturity, which could be associated with an increased risk of impaired hygienic quality in the forage and short aerobic storage stability after bale opening, but knowledge in this area is scant. An experiment was conducted in which the microbial composition was analyzed before and after conservation of primary growth haylage harvested early (June), middle (July), and late (August) in the season during 1 year. The counts of yeast, enterobacteria, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in preconserved herbage increased with the advancing harvest time (P ≤ .02). After conservation, the August haylage had increased counts of enterobacteria (log 4.3 colony-forming unit [CFU]/g) and LAB (log 6.5 CFU/g), compared with the June and July haylage (log ≤1.7 CFU/g for enterobacteria and ≤5.7 CFU/g for LAB, P < .001). The yeast counts were the lowest in the June haylage (log 5.0 CFU/g) compared with the July and August haylage (log ≥6.3 CFU/g, P < .001). After conservation, the mold counts were lower in the June haylage and greater in the August haylage (P = .01). In the preconserved herbage, Cladosporium cladosporioides was the most common mold species in June but Fusarium poae was in July, and Mucor fragilis in August. After conservation, Penicillium carneum was the only species found in the June haylage, with M. circinelloides most frequently found in the July haylage and M. hiemalis and M. circinelloides found at similar frequencies in the August haylage. An advanced harvest time resulted in greater counts of enterobacteria, yeast, and LAB and an increased number of mold species in the conserved haylage. The aerobic storage stability of the opened haylage bales measured by temperature was similar among the harvests.     

牧草种子加工线设计与试验

针对牧草种子加工线各主机既能连线成套工作,也能单独工作的设计要求,采用了主机平面布局和多地坑料斗喂料的形式,结合一字形串联提升机的输送方式,设计了加工线,完成了料门三通、溜管联接卡子和除尘管路风选部件的结构设计。以净度为85%～88%的披碱草种子为加工对象进行了试验,结果表明：生产率大于等于800kg/h,净度大于等于97%,获选率大于等于95%,度电生产率大于等于25kg/（kW·h）,使用有效度大于等于95%,粉尘质量浓度小于等于0.3mg/m3。     

浅析湖南省果蔬农产品一体化物流运作模式构建应注意的问题

农产品一体化物流运作模式因整合了农产品供应链中的上下游企业的所有物流活动,相对于传统分散的物流,有着诸多优势。介绍了当前湖南省果蔬农产品物流一体化运作的四种模式,重点分析构建物流一体化运作模式应注意五个方面的问题,即:推行农产品供应链管理、实现资源一体化运作、突破体制制约、统一农产品加工标准、建立市场信任机制。