氮磷钾的合理配比对水稻生育性状及产量的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了氮、磷、钾不同配比对水稻生长农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明,合理的三种元素配比可明显改善水稻生育性状,使水稻增产,并通过回归分析得出地块的最佳经济产量和最佳氮、磷、钾的施肥量,有效提高了产投比,取得良好的经济效益。     

我国首次发现草地螟卵寄生蜂—暗黑赤眼蜂

本文报道了我国2008年8月初首次实地发现的草地螟卵寄生蜂及其寄生率和性比。所发现的卵寄生天敌为暗黑赤眼蜂(Trichogramma pintoi Voegele)(膜翅目:赤眼蜂科)。发现暗黑赤眼蜂的地区位于河北省康保县(114°11′～114°56′E,41°25′～42°08′N,海拔1400m)。暗黑赤眼蜂对2代草地螟卵的寄生率为1%左右,雌雄性比随采集日期的推迟而增加。     

Sharp Decline in the Food Self-sufficiency Ratio in Japan and Its Future Prospects

Most Japanese are enjoying rich and convenient dietary habits nowadays. However, majorities of Japanese are feeling anxiety about the future food supply because Japan＇s food self-sufficiency ratio has fallen most rapidly in the last 45 years, and is lowest amongst countries with a population of more than 100 million. Major causes and mechanisms of the decline in the food self-sufficiency ratio over the last 45 years were analyzed. Drastic changes of dietary habits under rapid economic growth and sharp appreciation of the yen against the US dollar were found to be the major causes of the sharp decline of the food self-sufficiency ratio. Preliminary projections about the food self-sufficiency ratio in 2015 were carried out, and it was found that it will not be easy to achieve the policy goal of raising the food self-sufficiency ratio to 45% by 2015.     

^15N Isotope Techniques for Estimating Effects of Urea-N Fertilizer Application Rate on Yields and Nutrient Contents of Pakchoi Cabbage and Asparagus Lettuce and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency

A pot experiment combined with^15N isotope techniques was conducted to evaluate effects of the varying rates of urea-N fertilizer application on yields,quality,and nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） of pakchoi cabbage （Brassica chinensis L.） and asparagus lettuce （Lactuca saiva L.）.^15N-labbled urea （5.3515N atom %） was added to pots with 6.5 kg soil of 0.14,0.18,0.21,0.25,and 0.29 g N/kg soil,and applied in two splits：60 percent as basal dressing in the mixture and 40 percent as topdressing.The fresh yields of two vegetable species increased with the increasing input of urea-N,but there was a significant quadratic relationship between the dose of urea-N fertilizer application and the fresh yields.When the dosage of urea-N fertilizer reached a certain value,nitrate readily accumulated in the two kinds of plants due to the decrease in NR activity; furthermore,there was a linear negative correlation between nitrate content and NR activity.With the increasing input of urea-N,ascorbic acid and soluble sugar initially increased,declined after a while,and crude fiber rapidly decreased too.Total absorbed N （TAN）,N derived from fertilizer （Ndff）,and N derived from soil （Ndfs） increased,and the ratio of Ndff and TAN also increased,but the ratio of Ndfs and TAN as well as NUE of urea-N fertilizer decreased with the increasing input of urea-N.These results suggested that the increasing application of labeled N fertilizer led to the increase in unlabeled N （namely,Ndfs） presumably due to ＂added nitrogen interaction＂ （ANI）,the decease in NUE of urea-N fertilizer may be due to excess fertilization beyond the levels of plant requirements and the ANI,and the decrease in the two vegetable yields with the increasing addition of urea-N possibly because the excess accumulation of nitrate reached a toxic level.     

砂培条件下不同缺Zn敏感型玉米对施锌的反应

【目的】研究不同缺Zn敏感型玉米(Zea maysL.)对缺Zn的敏感程度和耐性。【方法】以缺Zn敏感型玉米品种陕单902、陕单911、农大60、中单2号、户单2000和非敏感型玉米品种新陕资1号、郑单958、陕单8813、高农1号、户单4号为供试材料,在温室中进行不同供Zn水平(设无Zn、低Zn、适量供Zn和足量供Zn 4个处理,分别施0,0.5,1.5,3.0 mg/kg ZnSO4.7H2O)下玉米幼苗的砂培试验,研究供Zn量对玉米生长、生物量以及各部位Zn含量和吸收量的影响。【结果】不同缺Zn敏感型玉米对施Zn的反应有较大差异,缺Zn敏感型玉米对低Zn的敏感性明显高于非敏感型玉米。敏感型玉米品种幼苗较非敏感型的根冠比大;供Zn会降低玉米幼苗的根冠比,而促进地上部生长。缺Zn非敏感型玉米在低Zn条件下会受到较为严重的伤害,这种伤害比无Zn所造成的伤害更为严重。施Zn量为0.5 mg/kg时,玉米幼苗吸收的Zn绝大部分被累积在根中;施Zn量增加至1.5 mg/kg时,玉米幼苗Zn含量较无Zn处理普遍提高,缺Zn敏感型玉米根、茎、叶的Zn含量分别提高了20.5%,53.6%和18.5%,而非敏感型玉米分别提高了5.5%,83.4%和60.7%。【结论】缺Zn非敏感型玉米根系吸收的Zn更多地被转移至地上部,使地上部含Zn量的增幅显著大于敏感型玉米。不同缺Zn敏感型玉米在缺Zn条件下不仅生长和Zn营养的分布情况截然不同,而且在供Zn后对Zn的吸收也存在差异。     

两性异型红隼的子代性比研究

Fisher经典的性比分配理论预测:如果双亲繁殖雄性和雌性子代的代价相同,那么子代的性比应趋于平衡.然而,性比组成是长期进化的结果,常因不同因素的影响而出现偏离.文献报道猛禽由于存在不同形式的两性异型现象而导致子代性比常出现偏离,但子代性比偏离方向因种而异.本研究中我们对红隼(Falco tinnunculus)子代的性比组成进行了调查,目的是检验红隼子代性比是否受产卵日期、产卵顺序、卵重、出雏顺序或窝卵数影响.在窝水平上,红隼(雄性)的初级性比为47.0%,没有偏离0.5,但次级性比为40.8%,显著偏离0.5(p=0.029).在种群水平上,初级性比和次级性比都没有出现偏离.窝卵数和卵重影响红隼的次级性比组成,窝卵数越大,雄性后代数量越多,且发育为雄性后代的卵重较发育为雌性后代的重.初级性比和次级性比都受到产卵日期的影响,产卵越早,雄性后代比例越高.     

Effects of Elemental Sulphur and Farmyard Manure on pH and Salinity of Calcareous Sandy Loam Soil and Some Nutrient Elements in Tomato Plant

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of elemental sulphur （S） and farmyard manure on soil pH, EC and N, S, P concentrations of tomato grown in a calcareous sandy loam soil. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions. Sulphur was applied at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400 mg kg~ and farmyard manure at 0, 3 ton da^-1 to the soil. Three weeks after applications, tomato seedlings were planted and 8 weeks later, the plants were harvested to determine N, S, P concentrations and dry matter yield. Soil pH and EC were determined in the soil samples taken at 3 different periods. Effects of sulphur and farmyard manure applications were not significant on N, P concentrations and dry matter yield of tomato plant. S concentration of tomato plant was increased by sulphur alone. Soil pH was decreased and soil EC was increased in both 2^nd and 3^rd soil sampling period by the sulphur applications. As a result of farmyard manure application, soil pH decreased in the 2^nd soil sampling period but increased in the 3^rd soil sampling period. Also, soil EC was significantly increased in 1^st and 3^rd soil sampling period. Farmyard manure had no significant effect on S supply to tomato plant. The N：S ratio of tomato plant was decreased by sulphur alone. However, the sulphur with farmyard manure applications decreased N：S ratio in lesser extend compared to the S applications.     

Affine invariant shape recognition with particle swarmoptimization algorithm

Focusing on the problem that affine transformation will exist among the contour images due to variation of the viewpoints, a new approach to extract affine invariant features and matching strategy is proposed for shape recognition. First, the centroid distance and azimuth angle of each boundary point are computed. Then, with a prior defined angle interval, all the points in the neighbor region of the sample point are considered to calculate the average distance for eliminating noise. After that, the centroid distance ratios(CDRs) of any two contour points with angle difference of 180° are achieved as the representation of the shape, which would be invariant to affine transformation. Since the angles of contour points changed non linearly among affine related images, the CDRs should be resampled to build corresponding relationship. It could be regarded as an optimization problem of path planning. In our method, a PSO based path planning model is presented to address this problem. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method in shape recognition with translation, scaling, rotation, distortion and noise interference.     

Dynamic characteristics of CVT hydraulic system in speed ratio changing

Aiming at the hydraulic system of CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission), the transfer function of hydraulic system of CVT and the dynamic simulation model of this system based on AMESIM are built, and the characteristics of speed ratio response is simulated and calculated. The influences of spring constant, damping coefficient and mass of moving part on rising time, setting time and overshoot are analyzed. The result shows that the dynamic simulation model of this system is reasonable and will provide a basis and method for the optimization of CVT hydraulic system’s dynamic characteristics in the future.