Using a tobit regression model to analyse risk factors for foot-pad dermatitis in commercially grown broilers

A model was developed to explain the influence of different local and regional factors on the prevalence of foot-pad dermatitis in broilers at the time of slaughter. Data from a recent two-year study of broiler foot-health in Sweden were used to construct the model. The model was based on regression analysis, using a Tobit model for censored data. This type of Tobit regression model has been used for several decades in econometrics and can also be found in the medical-scientific literature. It has, however, reportedly not been used in veterinary medicine although there appears to be several situations where it should be considered useful. Week of slaughter was significantly (p<0.001) associated with total foot-pad score, which decreased over time. The birds' age at slaughter was also significantly (p<0.01) associated with total foot-pad score. Five out of the 11 slaughterhouses included in the study were included as significant (p<0.01) variables in the final model. Three feed suppliers (p<0.05) and four regions (p<0.01) were also included as significant variables in the model. There were also significant (p<0.001) interactions between several of these factors (mainly, between the time variable and specific slaughterhouses, feed suppliers or regions, respectively).

The information gathered in this study regarding the influence of a number of risk factors for the development of foot-pad dermatitis and their reciprocal interactions will enable us to modify the Swedish broiler foot-health programme.     

鸡血型系统对马立克氏病肿瘤形成的影响

采用 Ａ、 Ｂ、 Ｃ、 Ｄ 血型系统的１０ 种血型因子试剂测定了亚发雏鸡的血型， 并对马立克氏病肿瘤病变与各血型因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明， 在１４ 日龄感染雏鸡的３０ ～６０ 天内， Ｍ Ｄ Ｖ 对各个器官肿瘤病变形成上， 不同的血型系统因子对其影响有很大的差异， 其中带有 Ａ３０８ 、 Ｂ６９１ 因子的雏鸡对 Ｍ Ｄ Ｖ 较易感， 而带有 Ｂ３６５ 因子的雏鸡抗性较强。同样实验还表明， 采用鸡的（ Ｍ Ｈ Ｃ） Ｂ Ｆ Ｉ Ｖ 血型分型试剂与 Ａ、 Ｂ、 Ｃ、 Ｄ 血型试剂检测人工感染 Ｍ Ｄ Ｖ６０ 天后存活鸡表明： Ｂ３６５ 与 Ｂ２１ 均１００ ％ 存在于这些鸡中， 说明二者抗 Ｍ Ｄ 能力有一定的相似性； 说明 Ａ、 Ｂ、 Ｃ、 Ｄ 血型因子可做为选择标记用于抗 Ｍ Ｄ 选育。     

Development of immunocompetence of broiler chickens

Subpopulations of T-cells, B-cells, macrophages and ellipsoid-associated reticular cells (EARC) could be demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining early in the development of chicken spleen. However, the typical structures of the spleen, such as the peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) and the ellipsoids with their surrounding ring of macrophages, were only formed around embryonic day (ED) 20. These structures and especially the B-cell compartment, i.e., the peri-ellipsoid lymphoid sheath (PELS) gradually matured during the first week posthatch.

Therefore, we analysed at what age broiler chickens could generate a humoral response against the thymus-dependent antigen bovine serum albumin (BSA). Chickens were immunised in ovo (ED16 and ED18) and at 1, 7 and 12 days of age and subsequent BSA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG responses were measured up to 10 days postimmunisation (DPI). No major differences were observed in the relative growth rates, while hatchability was only slightly reduced. Only in chicks immunised on 12 days of age, IgM and IgG responses were high with a normal kinetic pattern. In chicks immunised on 7 days of age, responses were just detectable, but they were absent in chicks immunised in ovo and on the day of hatching (Day 1).

In a subsequent experiment, 1-, 7- and 12-day-old chicks were BSA-immunised and Ig responses were measured for a longer period up to the age of 28 days. The IgG response of chicks immunised at 1 day of age was lower and occurred later (from 28 DPI) than the response of chicks immunised at 7 and 14 days of age (from 14 DPI). It was not increased by a booster immunisation on 29 days of age, in contrast to the response of chicks immunised at 7 and 14 days of age. These findings indicate that vaccination at 1 day of age does not activate the B-cell response resulting in antibody production and support the idea that the immune function of the late embryonic and neonatal chickens is not entirely developed due to the incomplete structural organisation of their secondary immune organs.     

乙酸浓度对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞甘油三酯含量及瘦素和过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体γ基因表达量的影响

本试验旨在研究乙酸浓度对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞甘油三酯(TAG)含量及瘦素(leptin)和过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)基因表达量的影响。将传至第3代的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞以适宜的密度培养48 h后,随机分为6个处理,各处理分别采用乙酸浓度为0(对照组)、4、6、8、10和12 mmol/L的培养液。置于37℃5%CO2培养箱继续培养48 h。收集细胞,观测脂滴形成状况,测定TAG含量及leptin和PPARγ基因表达量。结果表明:随乙酸浓度的增加,培养的奶牛脂肪前体细胞脂滴形成增多;随乙酸浓度的增加,TAG含量和PPARγ基因表达量均呈显著的线性或二次曲线增加(P<0.05),且以乙酸浓度为10和12 mmol/L时效果较好;一定浓度的乙酸可上调leptin基因表达量,尤以浓度为8、10 mmol/L时上调作用较好。结果提示,乙酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞内脂滴的形成、TAG的积累、leptin和PPARγ基因的表达有显著的促进作用。本试验条件下,乙酸浓度为10～12 mmol/L时能较好地促进PPARγ基因的表达,浓度为8～10 mmol/L时能较好地促进leptin基因的表达。     

雏鸡沙门氏菌病的病原分离与鉴定

邯郸地区某县养殖场于2008年2月引进一批海兰白雏鸡共6500只,4日龄时部分雏鸡开始发病,6日龄时开始死亡,7d内共死亡1248只,死亡率达19.2%。剖检不同日龄死雏21只,活病雏13只,死雏呈现严重败血症病变,活雏心肌、肝、肺、肌胃等脏器出现黄白色或大小不等的灰白色坏死灶。取其卵黄、肝、脾、心血等病料进行病原分离培养,从获得的153个菌落中挑选可疑菌落27个,经细菌学鉴定,确认17株为鸡白痢沙门氏菌,抗原式为1,9,12∶-∶-,10株为德尔卑沙门氏菌(S.derby),抗原式为1,4,12∶f,g∶-。     

热应激对鸡新城疫疫苗免疫效果的影响

本试验利用伊莎蛋雏鸡，分别接种新城疫油乳剂灭活苗和Ｎ－７９弱毒苗，油乳剂灭活苗免疫的各试验组抗体滴度稍有下降，与对照组间无明显的差异；Ｎ－７９弱毒苗免疫的各试验组，高温处理２４小时的雏鸡，抗体滴度稍低于对照组，但无明显差异；而高温处理４８小时的各组，抗体滴度均显著低于对照组（ｐ＜０．０５）。     

河南省部分地区鸡源致病性大肠杆菌生物学特性的研究

从河南省不同发病鸡群中采取典型鸡大肠杆菌病痛料，分离鉴定出8株鸡大肠杆茵。8株分离茵对雏鸡具有不同程度的致病作用，其中以兰考株和南阳株致病力最强，可使接种雏鸡100％发病死亡，其次是西华株和登封株，致死率均达75％。药敏试验结果表明：8个茵株均对氟苯尼考、头孢噻呋、头孢曲松、头孢唑啉、阿米卡星、卡那霉素、氯霉素高度敏感；大多数茵株对氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、氨苄西林、链霉素严重耐药。O因子血清凝集试验结果表明：8个茵株的血清型，大多数为O78，占75％，少数为O119占25％。     

绵羊磷脂酶C-γ1对绵羊卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

卵母细胞成熟率可作为衡量体外培养卵母细胞质量和发育能力的指标。本研究旨在探讨PLC-γ1是否参与了绵羊卵母细胞的体外成熟及其影响。将绵羊卵母细胞在含有不同浓度的U73122（PLC抑制剂））及m-3M3FBS （PLC激活剂）的成熟培养液中进行培养,每个浓度150个细胞,重复试验3次,统计细胞成熟率、卵裂率及桑葚胚率以供筛选出PLC-γ1的最佳抑制及促进浓度。qPCR检测0.5 μmol·L^-1 U73122及0.5 μmol·L^-1 m-3M3FBS处理后48 h的卵母细胞中PLC-γ1、BAK、BAX、CASP3、CASP8、P53、BCL6基因mRNA水平表达情况,Western blot检测0.5 μmol·L^-1 U73122及0.5 μmol·L^-1 m-3M3FBS处理后48 h的卵母细胞中PLC-γ1、BAK、BAX、CASP3、CASP8、P53、BCL6蛋白的表达情况。每个浓度150个细胞,重复试验3次。在绵羊卵母细胞中,0.5 μmol·L^-1 U73122是促进成熟的最佳浓度,0.5 μmol·L^-1 m-3M3FBS是抑制成熟的最佳浓度。0.5 μmol·L^-1 U73122处理组卵裂率和囊胚率均显著低于对照组。0.5 μmol·L^-1 m-3M3FBS处理组卵裂率和囊胚率均显著高于对照组。通过qPCR检测结果显示,与对照组相比,U73122组中BAK、BAX、CASP3、CASP8、P53基因mRNA表达量显著上升,PLC-γ1、BCL6基因mRNA表达量显著下降;m-3M3FBS组则与之相反。Western blot结果显示,与对照组相比,U73122组中BAK、BAX、CASP8蛋白表达量显著增多,PLC-γ1、BCL6蛋白表达量显著减少,P53和CASP3蛋白表达量无明显变化。m-3M3FBS组中PLC-γ1、BCL6蛋白表达量显著增多,BAX、CASP3、P53蛋白表达量显著减少,BAK、CASP8蛋白表达量无明显变化。综上所述,本研究表明PLC-γ1在绵羊卵母细胞的体外成熟培养中发挥重要作用,其可调节卵母细胞的成熟以及早期胚胎的发育能力。     

PLCγ1基因对绵羊早期胚胎体外发育的影响

旨在探究磷脂酶Cγ1（phospholipase Cgamma 1,PLCγ1）基因对绵羊早期胚胎体外发育的影响,为揭示PLCγ1基因在早期胚胎发育过程中的作用机制奠定基础。本研究选取包裹3层以上颗粒细胞的绵羊卵母细胞为试验材料,体外培养成熟后将其分为两组,利用显微注射技术将PLCγ1基因导入MⅡ期（减数第二次分裂中期）卵母细胞（n=127）中为试验组,以显微注射空载体pcDNA3.1-EGFP作为对照组（n=120）,经48 h后统计其卵裂率;并利用Ca²⁺探针Rhod 2-AM监测MⅡ卵母细胞和显微注射后16、48、72、96、120 h时各时期卵母细胞以及早期胚胎内Ca²⁺波动。结果显示,PLCγ1基因显微注射后卵母细胞被激活,卵裂率为（（19.67±0.2）%,P<0.01）,桑椹胚发育率为（（9.00±0.17）%,P<0.05）;PLCγ1基因注射后,卵母细胞和早期胚胎不同发育时期有Ca²⁺浓度变化,可观察发现Ca²⁺主要分布在胞质中且注射48 h时可达到峰值（P<0.01）。结果表明,PLCγ1基因可以引起绵羊卵母细胞发育过程中发生Ca²⁺振荡,启动其卵裂,并促使早期胚胎的继续发育。     

观赏植物组培与辐射结合育种研究进展

综合分析了组培与辐射结合育种方式的优点,对这种复合育种方式在观赏植物上的应用进行了分析归纳。总结出组培与辐射结合育种体系的基本技术路线,指出不同植物、不同材料的辐射效果的差异,并列出一些供育种者参考辐射剂量。最后分析了以后的研究方向。