施用生物炭对农田生态系统影响的研究进展

从施用生物炭对土壤理化性状、土壤生物、土壤碳截留、作物产量、温室气体排放的影响等方面,总结分析了施用生物炭对农田生态系统的影响。结果表明,施用生物炭能够改善土壤理化特性和微生物生境,提高养分利用率,但对作物的增产效应具有一定的不确定性。生物炭的稳定性对增加农田土壤碳截留有重要作用,其降解过程目前尚不清楚。添加生物炭影响土壤有机质分解即激发效应,但激发效应的方向和幅度的变异较大。在影响温室气体排放方面,施用生物炭能有效减少N2O排放,但对CO2和CH4的减排效应具有较大的不确定性,生物炭的性质、施用量、土壤类型和肥力状况等因素是导致这些不确定性的主要原因,今后应综合考虑以上因素开展长期定位试验,客观评价生物炭对农田生态系统功能的影响和作用。     

Quantitative analysis of biochar in field soil

Biochar is used with increasing frequency as a soil amendment because of its potentially beneficial effects on soil carbon sequestration, crop yield, nutrient leaching and greenhouse gas emissions. Simple methods for the analysis of biochar in soil, however, are currently unavailable. Therefore, we have adapted the “loss on ignition” method for this purpose. The technique requires knowledge of the proportions of both biochar and biochar-free soil that are lost on ignition. One can use values determined prior to the amendment of the soil with biochar, assuming that the values do not change after biochar is incorporated in the soil. We tested these assumptions. Over the course of 15 months, the assumptions proved to be valid under our test conditions. The technique accurately determined a wide range of biochar concentrations in field soil.     

Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH

The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with ¹³C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO₂-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C.     

Effects of wood char and activated carbon on the hydrolysis of cellobiose by β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger

Biochar amendments to soils have been suggested as a strategy to sequester carbon and therefore mitigate global climate change. The enrichment of soils with charred materials also increases their fertility. This fertilising effect of biochar may be caused by various mechanisms; an acceleration of nutrient cycling has been suggested as one such mechanism. The rate-limiting step in nutrient cycling is thought to be the extracellular enzymatic attack on biological macromolecules. In this study, therefore, the effects of chestnut wood char (specific surface area 2.0 m² g⁻¹) and of activated carbon (specific surface area approximately 900 m² g⁻¹) on an extracellular enzymatic reaction involved in the degradation of cellulose (i.e., hydrolysis of cellobiose by β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger) were investigated. Cellobiose was not adsorbed by chestnut wood char, whereas activated carbon absorbed more than 97% of it. Both charred materials adsorbed more than 99% of β-glucosidase. For chestnut wood char, adsorption of the enzyme caused a decrease of approximately 30% in the reaction rate, whereas for activated carbon, the nearly complete absorption of both substrate and enzyme entirely inhibited the reaction. These results show that β-glucosidase from A. niger retains most of its activity when adsorbed to chestnut wood char and that the reaction it catalyses in nature is only slightly affected by this charred material. On the other hand, a material characterised by a high specific surface area and high porosity, such as activated carbon, can make even a highly soluble substrate unavailable for soil enzymes and therefore completely inhibit the reaction. Thus, charred materials may affect nutrient cycling mainly by regulating the availability of substrates: the degradation of highly soluble substrates may be accelerated by materials with low specific surface area, which maintain an active and protected enzyme pool, whereas materials with high specific surface and high porosity may slow down the degradation by making substrates unavailable.     

Earthworms can modify effects of hydrochar on growth of Plantago lanceolata and performance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a method to produce carbonized material at relatively low temperatures (180–250 °C) under pressure and aqueous conditions. The product is called hydrochar and can be used as a soil amendment. However, applied in high dosages it may have detrimental effects on plants or soil biota. The potential impact of hydrochar amendment on beneficial soil organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and earthworms and their interactions are not well understood. The goal of the present study was to determine effects of hydrochar on plant growth and soil biota and to evaluate interactions of earthworms and hydrochar on plant and AMF performance and to identify underlying mechanisms. In a greenhouse experiment, we investigated the effect of hydrochar at different addition rates (control, 1% and 10%, v/v) with or without the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa on the growth of Plantago lanceolata L. and the performance of its AMF. We observed a positive interaction between earthworms and 10% hydrochar on shoot and root biomass: added as a single treatment hydrochar had a negative effect on plant growth at this dosage, but plant biomass increased significantly when hydrochar was added together with earthworms. Root colonization by AMF increased significantly with increasing concentration of hydrochar, but was not affected by earthworms. Contrastingly, extraradical hyphal length of AMF was reduced by earthworms, but not affected by hydrochar. Thus, hydrochar and earthworms affected the performance of AMF, albeit of different AMF structures and in different directions. Our results indicate that earthworms may play an important role in alleviating the negative impacts of high dosages of hydrochar on plant growth; such interactions should move into focus of future research on potential effects of HTC materials.     

基于生物炭的生态浮床设计

根据生物炭的强吸附特性,对传统生态浮床进行改进,构建了由浮床框体、床体、内外双环圆柱结构种植单元、沉水植物生长袋4个部分组成的新型组合生态浮床,结合水下空间和水面景观重点描述了浮床的构建过程,为生态浮床的发展提供了新的思路。     

生物质炭配施蚯蚓粪对水稻产量及养分吸收的影响

生物质炭配施蚯蚓粪（BEC）可增加土壤碳氮投入,促进作物增产及营养元素的吸收利用。设置3个生物质炭用量梯度（B₀：0.0g/kg,B₁：6.0g/kg,B₂：30.0g/kg）和3个蚯蚓粪用量梯度（M₀：不施蚯蚓粪,M₁：1%蚯蚓粪,M₂：5%蚯蚓粪）,于2018和2019年进行盆栽试验,以研究BEC对水稻产量和营养元素吸收的影响。结果显示,2019年不同处理水稻各部位生物量均高于2018年,籽粒的氮和磷吸收量增加,但吸钾量在B₂和M₂处理中降低;2018和2019年籽粒生物量与BEC的碳投入量间呈极显著相关（P<0.01）;2019年籽粒生物量与氮投入量显著相关（P<0.05）;BEC产生的碳、氮投入量与氮素收获指数呈正相关,与2018年磷素收获指数间呈不显著负相关,与2019年钾元素收获指数呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,BEC对不同元素吸收利用的影响存在差异。生物质炭配施蚯蚓粪促进了水稻生长,有利于提高化学元素利用率,是培肥中低产田、提高作物产量和养分利用率的有效措施。     

不同生物炭对湿地松各组分生物量和碳储量的影响

通过将不同生物质原料(木屑和鸡粪)放置在低温(400°C)无氧条件下进行裂解,形成不同生物炭,研究了不同生物炭对湿地松不同组分(树叶、树皮、树枝和树干)生物量、碳密度、碳储量以及碳素年净固定量的影响。试验结果表明:以木屑和鸡粪为原料制备而成的两种生物炭p H和养分含量等性质差异显著;生物质裂解后,木屑p H由8.25降到木屑炭的7.46,而鸡粪炭p H为10.48,高于鸡粪的9.35;同时,C、N、P和K元素在两种生物炭中均出现富集,鸡粪生物炭N、P和K含量显著高于木屑生物炭,但两种生物炭速效P和速效K占总P、总K的比例与原料相比均出现显著降低。经过一年试验,鸡粪生物炭还田处理显著提高湿地松各个组分生物量,其中湿地松地上部分生物量增量是对照的4.92倍,而木屑炭处理对湿地松各个组分生物量影响不显著;木屑炭和鸡粪炭处理改变湿地松生物量增量在树叶和树皮中的分配比例,但对湿地松各个组分的碳密度影响不显著;鸡粪炭处理能显著提高湿地松各个组分碳素年净固定量,该处理湿地松地上部分碳素年净固定量(99.64 g/棵)分别是木屑炭处理(19.85 g/棵)和对照处理(25.77 g/棵)的5.02倍和3.87倍。由此可见,鸡粪炭可以作为提高林木土壤肥力的改良剂。     

旱作农田种植碳排放主要因素 及减排措施研究

农业生产是温室气体排放第二大排放源,降低农业生产的碳排放具有意义重大。本文梳理了种植生产过程中碳排放相关的文献,发现种植过程产生碳排放的主要因素之一是化肥的生产和使用。通过优化秸秆和肥料利用模式成为化肥减施和替代的重要途径,综合考虑了农田碳排放和土壤固碳,为进一步研究旱作农田减排措施提供参考。     

不同秸秆还田方式对北方超级稻氮素吸收利用的影响

以北方超级稻沈农265为试验材料,研究了秸秆直接还田和秸秆热解成生物炭施入对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与常规生产相比,秸秆直接还田主要提高了水稻生育中期的叶、茎含氮量,但同时降低了后期穗氮素累积量,氮素回收率、生理利用率和氮肥农学利用率分别下降5.28%、11.65%和16.19%,使产量有降低趋势;少量秸秆生物炭施入有助于提高生育中后期叶、茎含氮量并促进穗氮素累积量增加,氮素回收率和氮肥农学利用率分别增加6.02%和7.71%,有增加产量的潜力;大量秸秆生物炭施入降低了叶、茎和穗含氮量,氮素回收率负向效应强度高达34.31%,但氮素生理利用率增加45.62%,不利于产量的提高。秸秆直接还田和大量秸秆生物炭施入对水稻氮素吸收有一定抑制作用且不利于产量的提升,少量秸秆生物炭施入则能提高水稻氮素利用率并增加产量。