温室池水环境与罗非鱼运动性气单胞菌败血症爆发的关系

为阐明温室池水环境对罗非鱼运动性气单胞菌败血症发生的影响，对5年监测所得的发病池的95个水样和无病池的78个水样的水环境因子值进行了统计分析。结果表明，虽然发病池和无病池的水温平均值和pH平均值差异均不显著(p＞0.05)，但在18～27 ℃范围内，发病池出现的百分率随水温升高而增加；发病池的溶解氧、总氨氮、分子氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、有机物化学耗氧量的平均值分别为2.85±1.45、2.48±0.99、0.067±0.048、0.361±0.233、39.56±20.31 mg/L；无病池的溶解氧、总氨氮、分子氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、有机物化学耗氧量的平均值分别为3.41±1.39、0.94±0.76、0.025±0.025、0.105±0.066、20.62±9.73 mg/L。发病池的溶解氧平均值显著低于无病池(p＜0.05)，发病池的总氨氮、分子氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、有机物化学耗氧量的平均值分别极显著高于无病池(p＜0.01)。根据发病池和无病池出现的百分率随各环境因子变化的趋势可以得出结论：高水温、低溶解氧、高氨氮、高分子氨氮、高亚硝酸盐氮和高有机物化学耗氧量的池水更容易诱发凡隆气单胞菌温和生物型引起的罗非鱼运动性气单胞菌败血症。     

黄河鲤鱼源维氏气单胞菌的分离·鉴定及药敏试验

[目的]为研究鲤鱼感染细菌性疾病及其临床合理用药提供理论依据.[方法]从吉林省某水产养殖场患病黄河鲤鱼的脾脏中分离致病菌,并通过常规生理生化试验、16S rDNA序列分析对其进行鉴定.应用微量稀释法测定11种抗生素药物对其最小抑菌浓度.[结果]从患病鲤鱼的脾脏中成功分离到1株优势菌.该优势菌为革兰氏染色阴性杆菌,通过序列比对将其鉴定为维氏气单胞菌.动物回归试验表明该菌株可使黄河鲤发生死亡.药敏试验结果表明该病原菌对磺胺类、β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类药物不同程度耐药,而对氯霉素类药物、恩诺沙星较为敏感,对强力霉素中介.[结论]该研究结果可为鲤鱼源维氏气单胞菌的防治提供科学依据.     

Effect of dietary Curcuma longa on enzymatic and immunological profiles of rohu,Labeo rohita (Ham.), infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary dosages of turmeric that enhance immune response and disease resistance against the opportunistic pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Hence, four different dosages of turmeric at 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 g kg^?1 feed were given to the fingerlings of L. rohita for 60 days at 4% body weight. At every 20‐day interval, different biochemical, haematological, enzymatic and immunological parameters of fish were evaluated. After 60 days, fish were challenged with A. hydrophila. The mortality (%) was recorded on the tenth day post challenge. Most of the immune parameters including lysozyme activity, superoxide anion production and serum bactericidal activity were significantly (P<0.05) higher on 60 days of feeding of 1.0 g of turmeric per kg of feed. Challenge study indicated 100% and 89% survivability in the group of fish fed with 5.0 and 1.0 g of turmeric per kg of feed respectively. Feeding of turmeric might have maintained long‐term protection in fish by elevating the nonspecific immune system such as Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), lysozyme and serum bactericidal activity. The result showed that turmeric at a dose of 1.0 g kg^?1 feed for 60 days provided the greatest protection to pathogen challenge.     

Genetic variations in survival of rohu carp (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) after Aeromonas hydrophila infection in challenge tests

A challenge test against Aeromonas hydrophila was conducted using 2062 rohu carp (Labeo rohita) fingerlings obtained from 52 dams and 87 sires (87 full-sib families) of two year-classes (2003 and 2004). Attempts to establish a cohabitant challenge model were not successful. Therefore, fish were challenged by intraperitoneal injection with A. hydrophila in two replicate tanks per year-class, and dead fish were collected hourly. The mortality reached its peak at 16–22 h after challenge and had almost completely stopped after 58 h. The test was terminated after 382 h at which the average survival was 43.9 and 48.9% in the two 2003 year-class tanks, and 77.1 and 35.8% in the two 2004 year-class tanks. Heritability estimates for survival were obtained from sire and dam threshold models (THR) and sire and dam linear repeatability models (LINR). For both types of models the heritability estimates based on data from single tanks were not consistent. For both year-classes, data from one of the two challenged tanks demonstrated significant additive genetic variation in survival during the A. hydrophila infection, whereas the heritability estimates were not significantly different from zero for the other tank. Further, genetic correlation between survivals in the two replicate tanks in each year-class was not significantly different from zero. The differential results from the replicate tanks demonstrate that additional challenge test experiments are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn about the magnitude of additive genetic variation for survival to aeromonasis in rohu carp. A cohabitant challenge model that allows the testing of important defence mechanisms in the skin and mucous membranes of the fish might have been more appropriate. To establish a valid cohabitant challenge model for rohu carp should be given high priority.     

Virulence, cytotoxic and inflammatory activities of Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from cultivated salmonid fish in Sweden

Extracellular products in culture filtrates of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes and Vibrio anguillarum isolated from infected fish have been shown to possess skin inflammatory factor. The extracellular products from Vibrio anguillarum were cytotoxic in HeLa and CHO cells. In addition to the skin lesions, the culture filtrates of V. anguillarum caused necrotic reaction on the rabbit skin. Five of 6 strains of V. anguillarum were lethal to mice after intraperitoneal administration of 3×10⁷ CFU. Only 1 strain of 5 A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes produced extracellular products which elicited cytotoxic effects in the CHO cells. None of the A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes strains were lethal to mice. The cytotoxins were inactivated when heated at 65°C for 30 min. The results indicate that the thermolabile exotoxins are non-enterotoxic since they failed to stimulate fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal loop and did not cause elongation of the CHO cells. The rounding off of CHO cells, as well as of HeLa cells indicate that the exotoxins may play an important role in fish diseases.     

Evaluation of an experimental Aeromonas salmonicida epidemic in chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum)

To determine the dynamics of the transmission of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida infection, chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were exposed to bacteria by cohabitation. The latent period (time between exposure and infectivity) was determined by exposing a group of chinook salmonid fingerlings to A. salmonicida by bath, then, at daily intervals, by holding five exposed (donor) fish with approximately 50 naive fish for 24 h. The latent period was 3 days post-infection and the time period between the initial exposure to bacteria and the beginning of bacterial shedding was 4.5 days for the same animals. The prevalence and intensity of infection in the donor fish, to which recipient fish were exposed, i.e. the level of exposure, was highly correlated with the development of disease in recipient (susceptible) chinook salmon (r2 = 0.57). An experiment was conducted to determine the daily progress of infection and development of a furunculosis epidemic among recipient fish by cohabiting a single exposed fish with 43 unexposed salmon. At daily intervals, all fish (in seven treatment tanks and one control tank daily) were sacrificed and tested for the presence of A. salmonicida in the kidney (n = 3520). Over 10 days, mean prevalence among recipient fish reached 75% and disease related mortality exceeded 50%. Bacterial concentrations in the water continued to increase over the duration of the experiment in concert with the number of infected animals present in the population.     

鱼血清转铁蛋白对嗜水气单胞菌的抗性研究

嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)在铁限制培养基(M70-Fe)中培养,并用铬天青S(CAS)方法分析,不能产生可检测的含铁细胞;培养两周后,该菌在蓝色的琼脂培养基上产生围绕细菌菌落的清晰的橘黄色晕轮。但在鲫鱼血清中培养36h后,便达到了对数生长期。表明嗜水气单胞菌依靠夺取血清中的铁,可以正常生长;而在铁限制培养时,则难以存活。以细菌胞外蛋白酶消化鱼类血清,并在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)后进行原位铁结合试验,结果表明：嗜水气单胞菌胞外蛋白酶只能通过降解血清中转铁蛋白以外的含铁蛋白来补偿含铁细胞中的铁,而含铁转铁蛋白和脱铁转铁蛋白均不能被胞外蛋白酶消化,仍有很强的铁结合能力。     

北京地区养殖鱼类来源嗜水气单胞菌耐药性研究

为揭示北京地区养殖鱼体嗜水气单胞菌的病理学特征以指导科学用药,利用K-B纸片法研究从北京地区养殖鱼体分离得到的29株嗜水气单胞菌(A.hydrophila)对20种抗菌药物的耐药性。结果发现29株嗜水气单胞菌对青霉素类产生耐药率100.00%,对磺胺类、头孢霉素类和四环素类耐药率分别为69.00%、58.60%和41.40%,对大环内酯类、喹诺酮类和氨基糖苷类耐药率分别为27.60%、24.10%和24.10%。同时,嗜水气单胞菌对20种抗菌药物也呈现不同程度的多重耐药性,100.00%的菌对3种抗菌药物产生耐药性,41.40%的菌对5种抗菌药物产生耐药性,13.80%的菌对9种抗菌药物耐药。结论:患病鱼体嗜水气单胞菌对阿奇霉素、新霉素和妥布霉素敏感。     

林蛙嗜水气单胞菌气溶素基因的克隆及原核表达

以长白山林蛙中分离的嗜水气单胞菌为材料,对嗜水气单胞菌气溶素基因进行克隆、序列分析及基因表达等研究,为嗜水气单胞菌的分子生物学研究提供依据。通过实验成功克隆了气溶素基因,大小为1163bp,对其进行同源性检测,与基因库中DQ186611基因序列的同源性高达99%;构建原核表达重组质粒pGEX-Aer,在大肠杆菌BL21中获得表达,蛋白分子量约为69ku,以包涵体形式存在。