长株潭城市群湿地景观时空动态变化及驱动力分析

针对长株潭城市群的湿地景观面积迅速减少、破碎化程度增加等情况,该文基于时间序列Landsat数据及物候特征参数,采用面向对象方法的随机森林算法获得了长株潭城市群2000-2015年湿地时空格局及变化数据,利用景观格局指数、质心迁移等方法分析了近16 a来长株潭城市群湿地时空格局及变化特征,并通过Logistics回归模型分析了城市群湿地演化的驱动力因素。研究结果表明:1)湿地类型主要为人工湿地水田,其次为河流湿地与库塘湿地,湖泊湿地与苔草沼泽分布面积相对较小;2)2000-2015年研究区湿地总面积呈减少趋势,减少231.12 km~2,减少6.64%,同时湿地的空间转移也十分剧烈。3)研究期间,长株潭城市群湿地景观破碎度在呈增强趋势,且景观形状也趋于复杂。同时,研究区景观连通性在不断降低,而景观丰富度在不断增加。4)研究期间,长株潭城市群5种湿地类型的质心在均发生了不同程度的的迁移,其中河流、库塘和水田的质心迁移相对较大,湖泊的质心位置相对稳定。5)长株潭城市群地区降水量的减少及气温的升高,加之高强度人类干扰是近年来湿地变化的主要原因,其中人类活动加剧了湿地变化的复杂性和差异性。该研究可为长株潭城市群湿地资源的可持续发展提供科学、可靠的数据支持。     

海南岛北部地区红树林湿地土壤有机碳分布规律及影响因素

红树林是单位生产力最高的生态系统之一,能够持续地固定有机碳,对全球碳平衡及生物地球化学循环有深远影响。在海南岛北部东寨港、八门湾、新盈港地区等典型红树林湿地的林内、林缘和光滩开展垂直采样,共采集15个样点,在室内对样品的有机碳含量、物理化学性质进行分析,探讨红树林湿地土壤有机碳的分布规律以及影响碳储量的主要因素。结果显示:红树林湿地0～40cm土壤有机碳含量为0.88～134.00g/kg,平均为25.18(±10.34)g/kg。在空间分布上,表现为八门湾红树林(36.61g/kg±4.46g/kg)东寨港红树林(25.57g/kg±3.14g/kg)新盈红树林(13.36g/kg±1.71g/kg);水平分布规律为林内(41.69g/kg±0.71g/kg)林缘(21.24g/kg±0.43g/kg)光滩(13.88g/kg±0.32g/kg);垂直分布最大值出现在10～20cm土层,为32.11(±3.45)g/kg。进一步相关分析显示,土壤有机碳含量与粘粒和粉粒呈极显著正相关关系,与砂粒和pH值呈极显著负相关关系。     

Comparison of remote sensing indices for monitoring of desert cienegas

This research considers the applicability of different vegetation indices at 30 m resolution for mapping and monitoring desert wetland (cienega) health and spatial extent through time at Cienega Creek in southeastern Arizona, USA. Multiple stressors including the risk of decadal-scale drought, the effects of current and predicted global warming, and continued anthropogenic pressures threaten aquatic habitats in the southwest and cienegas are recognized as important sites for conservation and restoration efforts. However, cienegas present a challenge to satellite-imagery based analysis due to their small size and mixed surface cover of open water, exposed soils, and vegetation. We created time series of five well-known vegetation indices using annual Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images retrieved during the April–June dry season, from 1984 to 2011 to map landscape-level distribution of wetlands and monitor the temporal dynamics of individual sites. Indices included the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and the Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII). One topographic index, the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), was analyzed to examine the utility of topography in mapping distribution of cienegas. Our results indicate that the NDII, calculated using Landsat TM band 5, outperforms the other indices at differentiating cienegas from riparian and upland sites, and was the best means to analyze change. As such, it offers a critical baseline for future studies that seek to extend the analysis of cienegas to other regions and time scales, and has broader applicability to the remote sensing of wetland features in arid landscapes.     

1976-2011年博斯腾湖小湖区湿地生态系统服务价值变化分析

以1976年、1990年、2002年和2011年4期的遥感影像资料为基础,结合野外实地调查及其他相关资料,研究了1976-2011年博斯腾湖小湖区湿地面积和生态系统服务价值变化及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)近40年间小湖区湿地面积变化呈波动性趋势.其中1976年湿地面积最大为3 813.12 hm2;2002年和2011年湿地面积分别减少为3 138.12,2 285.53 hm2.(2)在整个研究时段博斯腾湖小湖区湿地生态系统服务价值的变化整体上呈减少趋势:其中在1976 1990年,年平均减少2.67％;而在1990-2002年,年平均增长2.63％;2002年以后不断减少,减少速度比前15年明显加快.从研究区各生态功能服务价值对总的生态系统服务功能价值的贡献来看,废弃物处理、水涵养和气候调节功能服务价值的贡献率较大,且在整个研究时段呈增加的趋势.在研究期间,博斯腾湖小湖区湿地面积和生态系统服务价值的变化与流域自然和人为因素密切相关,应重视近年来人类活动的负面影响,对绿洲经济活动进行合理规划和控制.     

表面流人工湿地在滇池湖滨区面源污染控制中的应用研究

在滇池湖滨带核心区退塘还湖措施的基础上,通过对福保村湖滨废弃鱼塘改造,建立了表面流人工湿地系统,对该区域内面源污水处理进行了研究。研究表明,系统年削减人湖污染物COD、TN、TP负荷分别达7840、650和20kg,单位面积削减量分别为4704、390和12kg·hm^-2,削减率分别为28．02％、35．93％和4．86％;系统对污水中COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的去除率分别为15．57％、56．76％、40．37％和35．64％,且除COD外,旱季污染物去除率高于雨季;推流曝气可提高系统对污染物的去除效果,使NH3-N、TN、TP的去除率分别提高约39％、23％和21％,而COD去除率变化不明显。该系统为滇池湖滨区退塘还湖和湖滨生态系统重建提供了重要的技术示范,对滇池富营养化防治工作的开展具有重要意义。     

改进型和传统型复合垂直流人工湿地的净化效果研究

通过构建传统型复合垂直流人工湿地系统（IntegratedVerticalFlowConstructedWetlandsSystem：IVFCWS）和改进型复合垂直流人工湿地系统（ImprovedIntegratedVerticalFlowConstructedWetlandsSystem：IIVFCWS）,并在其中分别种植彩叶草-太阳草（Coleusblumei-Toninafluviatilis：CT）和美人蕉-大水剑（Cannaindica-Acoruscalamus：CA）,以无植物人工湿地系统为对照,比较研究不同植物组合下两种构型的人工湿地系统对生活污水的净化效果。结果表明,IIVFCWS对CODCr、NH4＋-N、TN的净化效果显著优于IVFCWS,而对TP的去除效果则是IVFCWS较IIVFCWS强。有植物的人工湿地系统去除污染物的效果较无植物的对照系统好,其中彩叶草-太阳草组合湿地系统的去除效果较美人蕉-大水剑组合的强,分别为：CODCr的平均去除率在80．8％-52．8％之间;NH4-N的去除率在93．6％-52．3％之间;TN的去除率在96．4％～67．6％之间,TP的平均去除率均达93．6％以上。     

组合家庭人工湿地系统处理北方农村生活污水

该文对组合家庭人工湿地系统处理北方农村生活污水进行了为期10个月的试验研究（包括冬季）。湿地床上部铺设了0.5 m的生物质保温层,使在冬季最低气温-15℃的低温下,系统温度仍维持在7℃以上,保证了系统的正常运行。结果表明,化学需氧量（CODcr）、生化需氧量（BOD5）、氨氮（NH3-N）、总磷（TP）、总固体悬浮物（TSS）和浊度的平均去除率分别为93.0%、96.0%、88.4%、87.7%、97.0%和89.6%,出水体积质量平均值分别为36.0、11.8、3.5、0.6、3.8 mg/L和浊度9.1 NTU,满足国家排放二级标准。组合家庭人工湿地系统是一种适合农村分散式家庭污水处理的新途径。     

Soil organic carbon quality in forested mineral wetlands at different mean annual temperature

Forested mineral soil wetlands (FMSW) store large stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC), but little is known on: (i) whether the quality of SOC stored in these soils (proportion of active versus more resistant SOC compounds) differs from SOC in upland soils; (ii) how the quality of SOC in FMSW varies with mean annual temperature (MAT); and (iii) whether SOC decomposition rates in these environments respond to warming and drying more strongly than those observed in upland soils. To address this substantial knowledge gap, we identified nine FMSW and fifteen paired upland forest sites across three bioregions in North America (sub-alpine in Colorado; north-temperate in Minnesota; and south-temperate in South Carolina) to test the following three hypotheses. First, FMSW store a higher proportion of active SOC compared with upland systems because long anaerobic periods favor the accumulation of labile substrates. Second, in FMSW, SOC quality decreases from cold to warm bioregions because high quality detritus accumulates preferentially at cool sites where decomposition is slow. Finally, decomposition of SOC in FMSW will respond more strongly to warming under aerobic conditions than SOC from upland forest soils because of higher accumulation of active SOC in FMSW. To test these hypotheses, we incubated FMSW and upland forest soils at two constant temperatures (10 and 30 °C) for 525-d under aerobic conditions and constant moisture. In contrast to our first hypothesis, we observed similarly rapid depletion of active SOC compounds at initial stages of incubation across FMSW and upland sites, and across the 525-d incubations we observed overall lower SOC decomposition rates in our FMSW soils. In line with our second hypothesis, and across FMWS and upland soils, we found greater SOC loss in the sub-alpine bioregion than both temperate regions. In contrast to our last hypothesis, we found no difference in the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of SOC decomposition in FMSW and upland forest soils. Critically, total SOC loss (g SOC per g soil) was larger in FMSW because of the large amount of SOC stored in these ecosystems, indicating that despite a lack of difference between FMSW and upland responses, the total release of C from FMSW that could result from global warming may be large.     

鄱阳湖退化湿地生态系统恢复策略初探

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖泊,是我国湿地生态系统中生物资源最丰富的地区之一。长期以来由于不合理的开发利用,导致了鄱阳湖湿地面积、生物多样性及湿地生态功能遭到严重破坏。分析鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的现状及其面临的威胁,并提出鄱阳湖退化湿地生态系统恢复的主要对策。     

Performance of Drainage Reuse as Waterscape Treated by Combinational Technique of Biologic Contact Oxidation and Constructed Wetland

The high grade gray water was pre treated by biologic contact oxidation on load of 0.72 KgBOD5·m-3·d-1, and then post treated by constructed wetland. On the basis of experiment, it was found that: Totle nitrogen (TN) was the restrictive index of the combinational technique. To meet the reclaimed water quality standard and reuse for waterscape, the peak hydraulic load of constructed wetland was 0.50 m·d-1 in summer (30~36 ℃), and 0.33 m·d-1 in winter (8~12 ℃). And the load ratio of the peak hydraulic under the summer and winter conditions was 3:2. With the experimental results and reclaimed water quantity requirements in different seasons of buildings, treatment scale can be determined.