天气变化情形下基于动态时间窗的收获机应急调度技术

在小麦收获时期,若遇到天气变化,小麦可收获时间窗会发生改变,若还按原调度方案,将造成大量农田延迟收获,从而给农户带来损失。为避免或降低因天气变化给农户带来损失,本文考虑天气变化导致的农田收获时间窗变动的应急调度问题。基于天气变化导致的农田可作业时间窗实际缩短的情况,综合考虑收获机转移时间、提前到达等待时间和延迟时间,建立因天气变化导致的时间窗变动的收获机多目标应急调度模型,引入农田收获应急度函数,确定应急农田,将可作业时间窗和下雨时间有交集的农田重新根据应急度排序进行优先调度。针对此模型特点对遗传算法进行改进,设计基于改进遗传算法的收获机应急调度算法,采用两级多段编码方式及单点交叉方式,使算法可以有效避免局部最优,能够很好地实现全局收敛。通过动态改变原收获机收获路线,为应急农田优先提供收获服务,从而提高农机合作社服务能力,减少农户损失。实例仿真结果证明了模型和算法的可行性。     

连阴雨寡日照对大棚草莓小气候、产量和品质的影响

为分析冬春季连阴雨寡日照对大棚草莓产量和品质的定量化影响,探究其影响规律,促进草莓生产减灾增收,实验筛选3个连阴雨寡日照天气发生较重的典型受灾年份,将未发生该灾害的相近年份同时段作为对照,对比分析草莓棚内气象要素、果实产量和品质相关指标,根据上述年度数据差异进一步分析了受灾最重年份逐月果实产量品质指标,以探究连阴雨寡日照天气对大棚草莓果实生长、果实产量、品质等相关指标的影响。结果显示,连阴雨寡日照年份与对照年份的棚内各小气候要素差异较明显,与对照年份相比,发生连阴雨寡日照时段的日均温平均偏低2.5 ℃,相对湿度平均偏高13.5%,太阳辐射平均偏低61.4%;连阴雨寡日照年份较对照年份年产量平均减产11.6%,连阴雨导致果实生长迟滞,果实横纵径均较对照年份偏小,果实畸形和病害影响加重,畸、烂果明显比正常年份偏多;连阴雨寡日照年份逐月产量受影响较重,且有滞后发灾特点,该灾害发生时段对可溶性固形物抑制作用较明显,当灾害结束、天气转好后,该指标能在较短时间内反弹。本研究可为下一步开展大棚草莓连阴雨寡日照灾害防御技术研究奠定基础。     

吉林南部不同耕作管理下土壤水分对降雨事件的响应

土壤水分对降雨的响应特征与降水在地表和土壤中的分配密切相关。该研究为明确耕作方式对黑土土壤水分对降雨响应的作用,利用时域反射仪原位动态监测吉林南部耕作长期定位试验翻耕（CT）和免耕（NT）下玉米生育期含水率,通过7个指标量化两种耕作管理下土壤水分对降雨量大且持续时间长、降雨量小且持续时间短和降雨量较大且持续时间较短、降雨强度大的3类降雨事件的响应。结果表明：1）CT初始含水率较低,0～2.5、2.5～5和5～10 cm累积增加含水量（ASWI）显著高于NT;随土壤深度增加,CT的ASWI明显下降,而NT基本稳定。2）多数情况下,NT下相邻土层累积增加含水率之比（RSWI）大于100%,而CT低于100%。3）高降雨强度下NT相邻土层对降雨事件的响应时间（DRTlayer）平均值和异常值为负值的频率较多,说明NT下更易发生优先流。因此,极端降雨下NT土壤水分响应更剧烈,有利于降水向下层土壤渗透,减少地表径流形成。     

含结构体工程堆积体土壤侵蚀研究

为探究野外实际调查中常见的含结构体工程堆积体土壤侵蚀过程,设计含结构体工程堆积体和对照组2种试验材料（对照组为不含结构体工程堆积体,后文中对2种试验材料简称为结构体和堆积体）,通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了结构体和堆积体坡面径流侵蚀特征与雨强和场次的关系。结果表明：（1）初产历时随雨强和场次的增加而减小,结构体对初产历时有延缓作用,这与结构体的土壤特性和下垫面特征有关;（2）平均径流率和平均流速均随雨强和场次的增加而增大,堆积体平均流速和平均径流率分别是结构体的1.11~1.22,1.11~1.37倍,而结构体流速和径流率快速增加和趋于稳定的时间均较堆积体提前,且用时更短;（3）雨强对侵蚀速率、流速和径流率的贡献率较大,场次与侵蚀速率负相关,各条件下结构体的侵蚀速率均大于堆积体,且侵蚀速率和总侵蚀量分别是堆积体的1.03~2.15,1.36~2.63倍;（4）径流功率能够更好地描述结构体和堆积体侵蚀动力过程,结构体发生侵蚀的临界径流剪切力和径流功率均小于堆积体。     

Rainfall erosivity and erosivity density through rainfall synthetic series for São Paulo State,Brazil: Assessment,regionalization and modeling

Rainfall is the main cause of erosion of Brazilian soils, which makes assessing the rainfall erosivity factor (RE) and the erosivity density (ED) fundamental for soil and water conservation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: i) to estimate the RE and ED for São Paulo State, Brazil, using synthetic series of pluviographic data; ii) to define homogeneous regions regarding rainfall erosivity; and iii) to generate regression models for rainfall erosivity estimates in each of the homogeneous regions. Synthetic series of pluviographic data were initially obtained on a sub-daily scale from the daily rainfall records of 696 rainfall gauges. The RE values were then estimated from the synthetic rainfall data, and ED was calculated from the relationship between erosivity and rainfall amounts. Monthly and annual maps for RE and ED were obtained. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used to define homogeneous regions in terms of rainfall erosivity, and regionalized regression models for estimating RE were generated. The results demonstrate high spatial variability of RE in São Paulo, where the highest annual values were observed in the coastal region. December to March concentrate approximately 60% of the intra-annual erosivity. The highest values of annual ED were observed in regions with intense agricultural activity. The definition of five homogeneous regions concerning the rainfall erosive potential evidenced distinct seasonal patterns of the spatial distribution of erosivity. Finally, the high predictive accuracy of the regionalized models obtained characterizes them as essential tools for reliable estimates of rainfall erosivity, and contribute to better soil conservation planning.     

淄博雾霾天气的气候变化特征及成因分析(英文)

对雾霾的定义、雾霾的区别与联系以及雾霾天气形成的原因进行了阐述,并提出了减少雾霾天气的解决对策,为改善城市环境空气质量提供一定的参考依据。     

本溪市区雷暴天气气候特征及其对农业的影响

根据本溪市区46年气象资料的统计分析,总结出了该地区雷暴天气气候规律和特征,并分析了该地区因雷暴天气灾害频发,造成农业诸多方面灾情,影响和破坏了粮食产量质量及农业基础设施;同时,提出利用雷暴天气规律和特征,指导农业生产活动,并提出防御对策。     

丹东春季回流天气最高气温预报方法研究

分析了丹东地区近50年春季(3~6月)最高气温南北偏差5℃以上的回流天气的气候特征,重点分析了2014年春季丹东地区回流天气的特征,根据地面形势将回流天气分成了2种典型类型。中央指导预报产品对丹东地区回流天气预报误差比较大,运用T639数值预报产品对中央指导报进行订正,可以极大地提高预报准确率。     

银川市极端天气气候事件及其应对措施

近年来,随着全球气候变暖,极端天气也呈现逐渐增多的趋势。从近几年银川的天气个例中总结极端天气气候事件及其危害,从灾害中得到启示,为防灾减灾工作积累经验,并提出应对措施。     

Diving behavior of immature, feeding Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus orientalis) in relation to season and area: the East China Sea and the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region

Twenty‐four archival tags were recovered from Pacific bluefin tuna previously released off Tsushima Island in the East China Sea. By analysis of the time‐series data of the pressure and the ambient and internal temperature from the 24 tags, we examined the relationship between the tuna's pattern of diving and the thermocline depth. In the East China Sea, diving and feeding events occurred throughout almost the entire day in both winter and summer, suggesting that the purpose of diving is for feeding. In summer, the feeding frequency was greater than that in winter, which corresponds to the fact that growth is more rapid in summer than in winter. During summer in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region, on the other hand, feeding events were much more frequent than those in the East China Sea, in spite of a lower diving frequency. The mean horizontal distance traveled was also significantly higher and it seems that in this area they may move horizontally to feed on prey accumulated at the surface. We conclude that, in addition to the ambient temperature structure, the vertical and horizontal distribution of prey species plays an important role in the feeding behavior of Pacific bluefin tuna. One bluefin tuna migrated to the Oyashio frontal area, where both the horizontal and the vertical thermal gradients are much steeper. The fish spent most of the time on the warmer side of the front and often traveled horizontally to the colder side during the day, perhaps to feed. This implies that there is a thermal barrier effect, in this case from the Oyashio front, on their behavior. The frequency of feeding events was low, although all the monitored fish dived every dawn and dusk, irrespective of the seasons or location. It is possible that these twice‐daily diving patterns occurred in response to the change in ambient light at sunrise and sunset.