Limnological changes in a sub‐tropical shallow hypertrophic lake during its restoration: two years of a whole‐lake experiment

1. Lake Rodó is a turbid system, a condition attributed to algal biomass. The proximal source of the eutrophication was stormwater discharges from an ill‐defined urban area. This paper describes an attempt to restore the water quality of Lake Rodó, the first time this has been done in Uruguay. In spring 1996 it was drained, sediments were removed and stream inputs were diverted. Groundwater was used to re‐fill the lake. Due to its high nutrient concentration a re‐circulation system was designed, pumping water from associated pools covered with free‐floating plants. 2. After the lake was refilled, the system was characterized by oxygen saturation or over‐saturation, neutral to basic pH, and high phosphorus, nitrogen and silicate concentrations. Ratios of total nitrogen (TN):total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (Chl a):TP indicated that phosphorus was the primary limiting nutrient during the period of groundwater supply. Once groundwater pumping had ceased, there was a decrease in TN:TP and Chl a:TP ratios, suggesting N‐limiting conditions prevailed in some periods. 3. Before restoration, the phytoplankton community was dominated year‐round by Planktothrix agardhii; since restoration the community has been more diverse. This change has favoured grazing by mesozooplankton, and the onset of clear‐water phases in spring. 4. Abundant populations of small omnivorous fish maintained a high predation pressure on zooplankton, restricting the abundance of large‐bodied herbivores, which, in turn, allowed an increase in phytoplanton biomass and a decrease in water transparency. Based on this observation, together with the phosphorus concentration and the low abundance of filamentous cyanobacteria compared with previous studies, we suggest that top‐down control has played a key role in increasing transparency in Lake Rodó. 5. A nutrient reduction programme, by the mechanical harvest of floating plants, and a removal of small omnivorous fishes and stocking strictly with piscivores, could be key factors in the achievement of a stable clear‐water phase. However, if blooms of Microcystis or other similar genera occur in summer, additional measures (e.g. reduction of the hydraulic residence time) will be needed to improve water transparency. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于可控性生态减渗目标的河床底质重构技术研究

生态减渗技术对发挥河流生态效益和减少水资源浪费具有重要意义。为研究适用于渗漏河道的河床底质生态减渗方案,开展变水头渗透试验与模型入渗试验探究了复合土减渗效果和入渗特性,结合各河道条件提出了不同的减渗配比及断面结构方案,并利用GeoStudio SEEP/W软件对不同方案下的渗流状况和渗漏量进行了模拟计算。结果表明：复合土减渗效果主要受掺料类型和掺量影响,掺入15%纳基膨润土的复合土在1m水头作用下,浸润锋经39天运移至复合土减渗层底部,56天内累计入渗量为11.1cm,减渗效果较好,可满足工程减渗需求;GeoStudio SEEP/W模拟显示,复合土减渗方案在高效减渗的同时保留有较高的侧向补水给能力,河流水位在0.3m~2m变化,两种典型方案的渗流损失量可降低37.54%~48.06%和75.34%~82.82%。     

3种药物对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的急性毒性试验

为了解烟酰苯胺、硫酸铜和扑草净对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的毒性影响,在水温(28±1)℃下,采用半静水式试验法开展了这3种药物对体质量(2.88±0.34)g、全长(7.30±0.30)cm的兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的急性毒性试验。试验结果显示,烟酰苯胺对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为5.729、4.041、2.224、1.257 mg/L,安全浓度为0.126 mg/L;硫酸铜对幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为3.187、2.116、1.354、0.984 mg/L,安全浓度为0.098 mg/L;扑草净对幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为0.072、0.037、0.020、0.012 mg/L,安全浓度为0.001 mg/L。结果表明,烟酰苯胺和扑草净对翘嘴鲌幼鱼的毒性较大,应避免其污染养殖水体,硫酸铜在其常用质量浓度范围内会对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的成活率产生影响,应严格控制使用浓度并规范使用方法。     

Optimising codend configuration in a multispecies demersal trawl fishery

Abstract The relative efficiencies and selectivities of conventional and modified codends were examined in a demersal trawl fishery targeting several species, including eastern king prawns, Penaeus plebejus (Hess), whiting, Sillago spp. and cephalopods. The modifications to codends included: (i) reducing the circumference; (ii) increasing the mesh size in conventional diamond‐mesh designs; and (iii) orientating meshes on the bar so that they were square shaped. The codends were tested against a fine‐meshed control in paired comparisons onboard three commercial trawlers. The conventional codend comprised 41‐mm diamond‐shaped mesh attached to an anterior extension section at a ratio of 150 to 100 meshes and was demonstrated to be non‐selective for the targeted species. Reducing codend circumference to 100 meshes and increasing the size of mesh to 45 mm both improved selection for eastern king prawns, but the lateral mesh openings were estimated to be insufficient to allow juveniles of the other key species to escape. By contrast, codends made from 35‐ and 41‐mm mesh hung on the bar improved the size selection for eastern king prawns and selected stout whiting, Sillago robusta (Stead) (the smallest commercial‐sized fish) across narrow selection ranges and at 50% sizes of retention (L₅₀s) that were closely correlated to the transverse morphology of fish and the maximum mesh opening. With the exception of a reduction in catches of octopus, Octopus spp., by the 41‐square codend, there were no other impacts on commercial catches by the square‐mesh designs. It was concluded that diamond‐mesh codends are inappropriate for use throughout this multispecies fishery and that a modified design comprising at least 35‐mm mesh hung on the bar is required to minimise the fishing mortality of unwanted sizes of the key target species. The results are discussed in terms of the utility of these types of modifications for closely regulating selection in penaeid‐shrimp trawls.     

小球藻对降低南美白对虾养殖水体中亚硝酸盐氮含量的研究

将虾塘水配制成含亚硝酸氮1.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L的水体,按虾塘养殖密度放入体长(9.2±1.0)cm的南美白对虾,向每组试验水体中接入小球藻培养液,密度分别为1.0×104cells/m l、2.0×104cells/m l和3.0×104cells/m l,每组设一不接种小球藻培养液的对照组。96 h后测定水体中亚硝酸盐氮的含量。结果表明:小球藻能显著降低试验水体中亚硝酸盐氮含量;当亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度一定时,小球藻液的适宜接入密度为2.0×104cells/m l。     

我国实现既定碳排放强度的预测分析

基于1991—2011年的数据,采用多项式和趋势移动平均预测模型预测了2012—2020年我国的GDP和CO2排放量,并经过一定修正,预测2020年我国的单位GDP的碳排放量为1.68 t/万元,比2005年减排45%,达到我国提出的到2020年单位GDP的碳排放比2005年减排40%⁴5%的目标.     

Dramatic Changes of Matrix Metalloproteinases-7 and Lysozyme in the Ulcerative Colitis of Mice Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium

Ulcerative colitis （UC） is a lifelong illness with profound emotional and social impacts, and could cause serious damage to large intestine, especially in colon. However, the pathogenesis of UC remained unclear. The present study attempts to find out the role of matrix metalloproteinases-7 （MMP-7） and lysozyme in the pathogenesis of UC through a mice model induced by dextran sulfate sodium （DSS）. The UC model was evaluated both by disease activity index （DAI） and the intestinal histopathology. The results show that there is a high correlation between the DAI score and the pathological changes of colon. Interleukin-6 （IL-6） serum levels and large intestinal fluids levels in UC mice are always higher than that of the control groups, which might be associated with the degree of the inflammation damage in the colon. The change tendency of the MMP-7 mRNA and protein expressions are both up-regulated firstly and then down-regulated from 1 to 5 d in the colon, but only the MMP-7 protein is up-regulated at 7 d again. The up-regulated MMP-7 levels in the early stage of UC may play a protective role through the activated defensins, while the down-regulated levels in the mid-later stage of UC may be connected with the severe lesions in the colon. However, the up-regulated MMP-7 levels in the later stage of UC in the colon may also contribute to the tissue repair or be served as a marker to CRC （colorectal cancer）. The distribution of lysozyme protein indicates that there may be Paneth-like cells in the colon. Both the changes of MMP-7 and lysozyme in the small intestine may play a protective role for the safe environment of the whole gut, especially to the colon of UC.     

费县许家崖水库大银鱼现状及对策

费县许多岸水库于１９９２年移植大银鱼，１９９３年形成种群，捕捞产量４．５ｔ，１９９４年达３０．４ｔ。但１９９５、１９９６年产量逐渐查研究，找出减产原因，并提出相应对策。