3种常用渔药对攀鲈幼鱼的急性毒性试验

为研究敌百虫、硫酸铜和二氧化氯等3种常用渔药对攀鲈(Anabas testudineus)的急性毒性,在水温(30±1)℃下,采用半静水式试验法进行了3种药物对攀鲈幼鱼[体质量(7.78±1.60)g、全长(7.89±0.44)cm]的急性毒性试验。结果显示:敌百虫对攀鲈幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为37.20、24.91、23.15、20.57 mg/L,安全质量浓度为3.351 mg/L;硫酸铜对攀鲈幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为39.29、33.04、25.13、23.37 mg/L,安全质量浓度为7.010 mg/L;二氧化氯对攀鲈幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为89.69、87.16、80.38、77.74 mg/L,安全质量浓度为24.691 mg/L。3种药物对攀鲈幼鱼的毒性大小依次为敌百虫>硫酸铜>二氧化氯,其安全浓度均高于有效治疗浓度,因此在养殖生产中可安全使用。     

阿维菌素等三种常规渔药对卡拉白鱼的急性毒性

采用半静态法,研究了三种常规渔药阿维菌素、三氯异氰脲酸和硫酸铜对卡拉白鱼(Chalcalburnus chal coides aralensis)急性毒性效应。结果表明:阿维菌素对卡拉白鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为6.25、4.66、3.66和2.82 mg/L,安全浓度为0.77 mg/L;三氯异氰尿酸对卡拉白鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为3.22、2.49、2.19、1.79 mg/L,安全浓度为0.45 mg/L;硫酸铜对卡拉白鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为5.56、3.96、2.03、1.74 mg/L,安全浓度为0.6 mg/L。三种药物对卡拉白鱼毒性高低依次为:硫酸铜三氯异氯尿酸阿维菌素。三种常规渔药的安全浓度近于或高于生产中常用泼洒浓度,可放心使用。     

4种常用渔药对花鳗鲡幼鱼的急性毒性

在水温27~29℃下,采用静水试验法研究高锰酸钾、甲醛、食盐和二氧化氯等4种常用渔药对平均体质量(0.16±0.07)g花鳗鲡幼鱼的急性毒性。结果发现,高锰酸钾对花鳗鲡幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为4.45、3.66、3.46、3.31mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.74mg/L;甲醛对花鳗鲡幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为104.74、93.75、89.95、88.78 mg/L,安全质量浓度为22.54mg/L;食盐对花鳗鲡幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为27 392、25 461、23 699、22 278mg/L,安全质量浓度为6600mg/L;二氧化氯对花鳗鲡幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为3.74、2.76、2.60、2.44mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.45mg/L。花鳗鲡幼鱼对4种渔药的敏感性为:二氧化氯高锰酸钾甲醛食盐;其中高锰酸钾和甲醛的安全质量浓度接近生产中常用剂量,在花鳗鲡养殖中要慎用;二氧化氯的安全质量浓度高于厂家推荐的使用剂量,但对花鳗鲡幼鱼具有较强的致死效应;食盐的安全质量浓度高于生产中常用剂量,在花鳗鲡养殖中可放心使用。     

4种常用水产药物对西杂鲟幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在水温20~25℃条件下,采用静水试验法研究了聚维酮碘、溴氯海因、氯化钠和高锰酸钾等4种常用水产药物对西杂鲟幼鱼(平均体长11.40 cm,平均体质量10.10 g)的急性毒性。结果显示,聚维酮碘对西杂鲟幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为8.81、8.50、8.34、8.17 mg/L,安全质量浓度(SC)为2.37 mg/L;溴氯海因对西杂鲟幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为0.98、0.95、0.94、0.91 mg/L,SC为0.27 mg/L;氯化钠对西杂鲟幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为13954.78、13545.83、13292.42、13139.48 mg/L,SC为3829.06 mg/L;高锰酸钾对西杂鲟幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为2.94、2.89、2.82、2.77 mg/L,SC为0.84 mg/L。试验结果表明,聚维酮碘和氯化钠对西杂鲟幼鱼的安全质量浓度高于生产中的常用剂量,聚维酮碘可作为生产上的首选药物,氯化钠可放心使用但使用剂量不宜过高;高锰酸钾对西杂鲟幼鱼具有一定的毒性,使用后应适当投喂添加抗氧化剂和保肝的药物;溴氯海因对西杂鲟幼鱼的安全浓度低于生产常用剂量,因此不建议在养殖生产中使用。     

四种水产药物对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在溶氧(7.0±0.3)mg/L,水温(18±1)℃,pH 7.8±0.1条件下,采用国家标准半静态方式水生生物急性毒性实验法研究了高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂(5∶2)、敌百虫和甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤(Gymnocypris potanini firmispinatus Wu et Wu)幼鱼的急性毒性试验。试验结果显示,高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂、敌百虫和甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼的24 h半致死浓度(24 h LC50)分别为4.57、2.74、8.00和54.69 mg/L,48 h半致死浓度(48 h LC50)分别为4.13、2.35、7.34和47.03 mg/L;96 h半致死浓度(96 h LC50)分别为3.37、1.92、4.76和40.44 mg/L;其安全浓度分别为1.01、0.52、1.85和10.43 mg/L。根据国家标准和本实验数据表明,甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼微毒,高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂和敌百虫对其中毒。     

硫酸铜对栉孔扇贝急性毒性胁迫研究

探讨了硫酸铜对栉孔扇贝的24、48、72、96 h的毒性,并计算出硫酸铜对栉孔扇贝的24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为(0.32±0.099)mg/L、(0.112±0.022)mg/L、(0.074±0.005)mg/L、(0.063±0.005)mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.012 mg/L...     

Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对厚颌鲂幼鱼的联合致毒效应研究

采用单因子静态急性毒性试验方法与加和等毒性溶液法,分别研究了Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+对厚颌鲂(M ega-lobrama pellegrini)幼鱼的急性毒性和联合毒性效应。结果显示:3种重金属离子对厚颌鲂幼鱼的毒性由强到弱依次为Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+,其中Cu2+对厚颌鲂幼鱼24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为0.54 mg/L、0.38 mg/L、0.27 mg/L、0.23 mg/L;Cd2+对厚颌鲂幼鱼24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为14.32 mg/L、8.34 mg/L、6.36 mg/L、4.44 mg/L;Zn2+对厚颌鲂幼鱼24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为21.95 mg/L、17.56 mg/L、15.33 mg/L、14.62 mg/L。Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对厚颌鲂幼鱼的安全质量浓度分别为0.056 mg/L、0.849 mg/L、3.372 mg/L。Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+两两共存时对厚颌鲂幼鱼96 h的联合毒性效应均表现为毒性增强的协同作用。     

聚维酮碘、硫酸铜及氯氰菊酯对漠斑牙鲆幼鱼的急性毒性试验

研究了聚维酮碘、硫酸铜、高效氯氰菊酯三种药物在一定条件下对漠斑牙鲆幼鱼(70日龄)的毒性效应。结果表明:聚维酮碘的安全浓度为4.062g/mL;24h半致死浓度为55.296 mg/L,48h半致死浓度为34.560mg/L。硫酸铜的安全浓度为0.667mg/L,24h半致死浓度为2.812mg/L,48h半致死浓度为2.600mg/L。高效氯氰菊酯的安全浓度为0.079μg/L,24h半致死浓度为7.112μg/L,48h半致死浓度为2.371μg/L。     

敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性及安全浓度评价

为研究敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应,采用96 h半静水式生物毒性试验方法,在水温(23.5±2.0)℃,溶解氧>5 mg/L的条件下,分别检测在曝气自来水(pH为6.5)和池塘水(pH为8.5)中敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应。结果显示:在曝气自来水中,敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为3.68、3.31、2.05、1.57 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.157 mg/L;在池塘水中,敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为0.35、0.29、0.17、0.13 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.013 mg/L。试验结果表明,在池塘水中敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的毒性比在曝气自来水条件下强。     

氨氮对鳜幼鱼急性毒性研究

为研究氨氮对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)幼鱼的急性毒性效应,以体质量(7.92±0.80) g、体长(8.3±1.1) cm的鳜幼鱼为试验材料,采用常规急性毒性试验法,确定氨氮对鳜幼鱼的半致死浓度和安全浓度。结果表明,在水温(24.7±0.5)℃,pH为7.4±0.1,溶解氧(DO)为(5.9±0.3) mg/L的条件下,氨氮对鳜幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死浓度分别为40.45、19.24、13.35、9.23mg/L,安全浓度为0.923mg/L。非离子氨对鳜幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死浓度分别为0.550、0.262、0.182、0.126mg/L,安全浓度为0.0126mg/L。非离子氨氮对鳜幼鱼的毒性与其浓度大小和作用时间呈正相关,鳜幼鱼对氨氮耐受性较低。     

Total and free thyroid hormones in plasma of tropical marine teleost fish

Plasma levels of L-thyroxine (T₄) and 3,5,3-triiodo-L-thyronine (T₃) and the percentage of plasma T₄ and T₃ present in the free (dialyzable) form (%FT₄ and %FT₃) were measured in 16 species (11 families) of tropical marine teleosts from an inshore Barbados reef. Mean plasma T₄ varied from 0.2 ng/ml to 42 ng/ml; mean plasma T₃ varied from < 0.2 ng/ml to 50 ng/ml. The highest T₄ and T₃ levels were recorded in parrot-fish and the lowest levels in filefish. The %oFT₄ and %FT₃ varied from 0.05–3.41%. Estimated levels of plasma free T₄ and free T₃ levels ranged from 0.4–466 pg/ml. The extremely wide inter- and intra-species ranges in levels of free T₄ and T₃ do not support a previous suggestion, based on temperate freshwater salmonid species, that free T₄ and T₃ levels in fish may fall within a relatively range narrow comparable to that of homeothermic vertebrates.     

Dependence on body size of respiratory function in Hoplias malabaricus (Teleostei,Erythrinidae) during graded hypoxia

Oxygen uptake and ventilatory responses to environmental hypoxia were assessed for two groups of Hoplias malabaricus of nearly tenfold different body weights (mean weights, group I = 39 g; group II = 365 g). The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationships between body weight and the critical O₂ tension (P_CO₂) for maintenance of normal resting O₂ uptake. The smaller specimens had a threefold larger weight-specific O₂ uptake compared to that of the larger specimens. Moreover, smaller size coincided with a higher P_CO₂, i.e., a more limited range for maintenance of O₂ uptake during hypoxia. Likewise, at any inspired PO₂ the weight-specific gill ventilation was largest for group I. This was most pronounced during severe hypoxia where both tidal volume and respiratory frequency increased markedly. In addition, the oxygen cost of breathing tended to be highest in the smaller individuals. The results open questions as to correlations between development, weight-dependent O₂ demands, and tolerance to hypoxia on an intraspecific level.     

In vivo calcitropic effect of some vitamin D compounds in the marine Antarctic teleost,Pagothenia bernacchii

The Antarctic notothenioid, Pagothenia bernacchii, were found to have plasma total and free calcium levels, plasma inorganic phosphate and whole body calcium efflux rates which were similar to those seen in other teleosts. But total bone calcium was lower than reported for other teleosts. A single injection of vitamin D₃ (5 ng g^–1 fish) increased plasma total and plasma free calcium and these increases were associated with an increase in whole body calcium efflux and bone calcification. Conversely, the same treatment with 1,25-(OH)₂-D₃ reduced plasma free calcium. This seco-steroid also increased the specific activity of ⁴⁵Ca in bone at 40h post-injection but did not significantly effect total bone calcium, plasma total calcium or whole body calcium efflux. 25-OH-D₃ at the same dose had no effect on any of the parameters tested and none of the seco-steroids tested had any effect on plasma total inorganic phosphate. These data show that both D₃ and 1,25-(OH)₃-D₃ can have calcitropic effects in this marine teleost and that these two forms of vitamin D can exert different effects within the same species.     

Morphological responses of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill to hyperoxia,base (NaHCO3) and acid (HCl) infusions

Marked morphological responses occur in the gills of freshwater rainbow trout in response to experimental acid-base disturbance and these responses play an important role in acid-base correction. Compensated respiratory acidosis induced by 70h exposure to environmental hyperoxia (elevated water PO₂) caused a 33% decrease in branchial chloride cell fractional surface area (CCFA). Metabolic alkalosis induced by normoxic recovery (6h) from hyperoxia (72h) caused a 50% increase in CCFA, whereas metabolic alkalosis induced by infusion (19h) of NaHCO₃ caused a 70% rise. However, the largest increase (135%) in CCFA was seen in response to infusion (19h) of HCl. NaCl infusion had no effect. A particular goal was to assess the relative importance of changes in CCFA vs. changes in internal substrate (HCO₃ ^–) availability in regulating the activity of the branchial Cl^–/HCO₃ ^– exchange system. For each of the experimental treatments, the accompanying blood acid-base status and branchial transport kinetics (K_m, J_max) for Cl^– uptake had been determined in earlier studies. In the present study, a positive linear relationship was established between CCFA and J^Cl– _max in individual control fish in the absence of an acid-base disturbance. By reference to this relationship, observed changes in J^Cl– _max during metabolic acid-base disturbances were clearly due to changes in both CCFA and internal substrate levels (plasma [HCO₃ ^–]) with the two factors having approximately equal influence.     

Effects of Fumonisin B1-Containing Feed on the Muscle Proteins and Ice-Storage Life of White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Juvenile (5.5–5.7 g) white leg shrimp were exposed to mycotoxin in one indoor trial by feeding fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) at levels from 0.2 to 2.0 μg g^?1 FB₁ for 30 days. Shrimp growth was affected after exposure to more than 0.6 μg g^?1 FB₁. Soluble muscle protein concentration decreased, and changes in myosin thermodynamic properties were observed in shrimp after 30 days of exposure to FB₁. Marked histological changes in tissue of shrimp fed a diet containing FB₁ at 2.0 μg g^?1 were also observed. Shrimp fed diets containing more than 0.6 μg g^?1 FB₁ showed greater decrease in shear forces after 12 days of ice storage.     

The relationship between T3 production and energy balance in salmonids and other teleosts

Extrathyroidal T₄ 5′-monodeiodination, demonstrated in several teleost species, generates T₃ which binds more effectively than T₄ to putative nuclear receptors and is probably the active thyroid hormone. T₄ to T₃ conversion is sensitive to the physiological state and provides a pivotal regulatory link between the environment and thyroid hormone action. T₃ generation is enhanced in anabolic states (positive energy balance or conditions favoring somatic growth; food intake or treatment with androgens or growth hormone) and is suppressed in catabolic states (negative energy balance or conditions not favoring somatic growth; starvation, stress, or high estradiol levels associated with vitellogenesis). In fish, as in mammals, thyroidal status may be finely tuned to energy balance and through T₃ production regulate energy-demanding processes, which in fish include somatic growth, development and early gonadal maturation.     

亚硝酸盐对团头鲂的急性毒性及高铁血红蛋白的影响

为进一步了解不同浓度亚硝酸盐氮(NO-2-N)对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)急性毒性及高铁血红蛋白的影响,通过设置不同浓度的Na NO2胁迫浓度,开展急性毒性试验,检测不同时间下团头鲂血液生化指标的变化情况。结果表明,NO-2-N对体重(20.0±1.0)g团头鲂幼鱼24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全浓度(CS)分别为42.2 mg/L、35.9 mg/L、32.5 mg/L、30.1 mg/L和3.0 mg/L。实验鱼在12.0 mg/L、9.0 mg/L、6.0 mg/L、3.0 mg/L的浓度胁迫下,其血液生化指标均发生明显的变化;实验组12.0 mg/L、9.0 mg/L在胁迫24 h后白细胞数量、红细胞数量、血细胞比容与对照组相比均差异性显著(P0.05)。在胁迫24 h后,血红蛋白含量与对照组相比均差异性不显著(P0.05),但有上升趋势。随着胁迫浓度升高,时间延长,血红蛋白含量降低,高铁血红蛋白比率升高,血红蛋白大量转化为高铁血红蛋白,并且72 h后胁迫浓度组6.0 mg/L、9.0 mg/L、12.0 mg/L均与对照组差异性显著(P0.05)。本实验为深入了解NO-2-N对团头鲂的致毒机理提供基础数据,为养殖环境控制和疾病防控提供依据。     

Changes in plasma T3 during fasting/refeeding in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are mainly regulated through changes in hepatic type II iodothyronine deiodinase

Fasting and refeeding have considerable effects on thyroid hormone metabolism. In tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), fasting results in lower plasma T₃ and T₄ concentrations when compared to the ad libitum fed animals. This is accompanied by a decrease in hepatic type II (D2) and in brain and gill type III (D3) activity. No changes in kidney type I (D1) activity are observed. Refeeding results in a rapid restoration of plasma T₄ values but not of plasma T₃. Plasma T₃ remains low for two days of refeeding before increasing to normal levels. Liver D2 and gill D3 also do not increase until two days after refeeding. Brain D3, on the other hand, rises immediately upon refeeding. These results suggest that the change in hepatic D2 activity is one of the main factors responsible for the changes in plasma T₃ observed during starvation and refeeding in tilapia. This finding supports the hypothesis that, in contrast to mammals and birds, liver D2 is the primary source of plasma T₃ in fish. Although the deiodinases important for the gross regulation of plasma T₃ during fasting/refeeding differ (mammals: D1 and D3, birds: D3, fish: D2), they all occur in the liver, suggesting that the organ itself may play a crucial role. In addition, the changes in brain and gill D3 suggest that these enzymes constitute a fine tuning mechanism for regulation of T₃ availability at the cellular or plasma levels, respectively.     

Effects of thyroid hormone on gonadotropin-induced steroid production in medaka,Oryzias latipes,ovarian follicles

Blood and ovarian samples were collected at intervals of 4h prior to spawning time from medaka (Oryzias latipes) that were maturationally synchronized with artificial photoperiod (14h light: 10h dark). Plasma estradiol-17β (E₂) levels increased rapidly from 16h before spawning and peaked at 8h before spawning. Follicle-enclosed oocytes (ovarian follicles) at different stages of development were isolated from the ovaries and used to study the in vitro effects of thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine; T₃) on pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (GTH)-induced E₂ production. GTH at a concentration of 100 IU/ml stimulated E₂ production by ovarian follicles collected between 32 and 16h before spawning. At 32h before spawning, T₃ (5 ng/ml) administered along with GTH (100 IU/ml) resulted in a 3.5 fold increase in E₂ production, compared with GTH administered alone. These results suggest that T₃ can act on ovarian follicles directly to modulate GTH-stimulated E₂ production in the medaka.     

电磁场对几种淡水鱼鱼苗胚胎期的出苗率、抗温变能力和后期生长速度的影响

对蟾蜍、鱼类胚胎的质子核磁弛豫的研究发现,在胚胎发育期中的神经胚期出现质子纵向核磁弛豫时间T_1值为一极大值。几年来,我们用各种物理手段对蟾蜍和几种淡水鱼胚胎在不同发育期进行物理刺激,发现在鱼类胚胎早期和神经期接受较强电场或磁场刺激后,不仅其后期生长速度显著加快,而且胚胎发育期抗温变能力有明显提高,孵化出苗率也有较大幅度增加。1989年5月,我们在上海嘉定县望新鱼苗场对团头鲂早期胚胎进行了中等规模(10公斤受精卵)电场刺激试验,取得了令人满意的后期结果。