Effects on soils and leaching after application of dolomite to an acidified forested catchment in the Lake Gårdsjön watershed,south-west Sweden

The dry forest soils (80%) of a 3.3 ha catchment in Gårdsjön, were treated with 1.5 ton/ha dolomite in 1984. In half the catchment an additional dose of 4.5 ton/ha was added in 1986 (i.e. totaly 6 ton/ha). By 1991 the concentrations of exchangeable calcium and magnesium had increased by 450% to 800% in the humus layer and upper 0–5 cm of the mineral soils and by 500% and 300%, respectively, in the 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depth in the 6 ton/ha part. By 1.5 ton, Ca and Mg increased in humus and 0–5 cm in the mineral soil. Potassium decreased in the humus and the mineral soil with both 1.5 ton and 6 ton per ha. The accumulated output of K by runoff was however only 1 kg during the 6 years until 1992, which indicates that the losses from the soil also may have resulted in increased uptake by the forest. Tree growth and nutrient content in current needles was, however, unchanged. Increased contents of Mg, Ca and Zn was observed in some species of ground vegetation. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations and fluxes in runoff were identical to the reference catchment, while inorganic Al and Mn decreased by 40–50% and H⁺ by 30%. The accumulated extra output by runoff of Mg was about 7% and of Ca 0.6% of the amounts applied by the two treatments in 1984 and 1986.     

添加生物黑炭对玉米产量、品质、肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响

为了寻找一种既能使作物高产、优质又环境友好的施肥模式,在天然降雨条件下,通过田间小区试验,研究了5种不同施肥模式(不施肥、纯施化肥、生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭)对玉米产量、品质、肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响。结果表明:与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施和有机无机肥配施对玉米产量无明显影响,有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭可使玉米产量显著提高21.14%;与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可提高粗蛋白含量和氮、磷肥利用率,其中对粗蛋白含量提高幅度为12.14%~19.64%,并以有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭对其提高幅度最大;与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可显著减少氮、磷径流损失量,降幅分别为30.47%~59.69%和12.08%~31.22%,其中,有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭的氮素径流损失降幅最大,生物黑炭与化肥共施的磷素径流损失降幅最大。因此,从提高玉米产量、品质,氮、磷肥利用率以及减少土壤氮、磷径流损失的角度综合考虑,在旱地作物种植施肥模式中推荐有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭施肥模式。     

冀北山地河岸缓冲带净水效果研究

[目的]充分了解不同河岸植被缓冲带对地表径流污染物的去除效果.[方法]采用人工模拟地表径流的方法,选取冀北山地5种不同植被类型河岸植被缓冲带为研究对象,分析了其对地表径流中化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的去除效果.[结果]在5种不同植被类型河岸植被带中,随着河岸缓冲带宽度的增加,各缓冲带对地表径流中COD、TN、TP的去除率基本呈增加趋势,但对各污染物的去除规律各异,华北落叶松林能在较窄的距离内较迅速去除径流中COD、TN、TP.[结论]各标准地对地表径流中不同污染物的削减各有优点,在对受污染的河流进行生态植被修复时,应当充分考虑当地河流水质污染特点选择植被类型.冀北山地在建设较窄河岸缓冲带时,可以优先考虑采用华北落叶松林.     

人工模拟坡面产流试验研究

采用活动式人工模拟降雨试验装置,在室外对不同种类土壤、坡比、植被条件下的模型坡面产流进行了试验研究,重点分析了下垫面因子对坡面流流速的影响。结果表明:细沟流速随坡度的变陡而明显增大,坡面流速和细沟流速的比值随坡度的增加有明显变小的趋势,土壤理化性质、地表糙率的不同使坡面产流等也呈现出不同的特点。     

Prediction of surface runoff and soil loss in southeastern Norway using the WEPP Hillslope model

Yearly and daily surface runoff and soil loss simulated by the WEPP Hillslope model v. 2002.7 were compared with measurements from two different soil erosion plot sites in southeastern Norway. The soil at Bjørnebekk (Bj) was a levelled silty clay loam (2% organic matter) and the soil at Syverud (Sy) was a loam (5% organic matter). The plots at Bj were 21 m long and 8 m wide, while the plots at Sy were 30 m long and 7 m wide. Slope at both sites was 13%. Four management systems for grain production were used: autumn ploughing (AP), winter crop rotation (WCR), autumn harrowing (AH) and spring ploughing (SP). Hydraulic conductivity and soil erosion parameters were determined using WEPP-recommended equations based on measured soil parameters. In general, the WEPP Hillslope model simulated fewer runoff events than measured for all management systems during 1990–1998. Runoff events in winter were seldom predicted and small events (<5 mm) were mostly missed. To use the WEPP Hillslope model on Norwegian soils, where major soil loss events from arable land occur during late autumn, winter and early spring, improvements in winter hydrology calculations are needed. In particular calculations of soil frost development and infiltration into frozen soil need to be improved. The WEPP-recommended soil erosion parameter equations were unsuitable for these two Norwegian soils, especially for levelled soil.     

塔里木河流域水土流失动态变化分析

研究塔里木河流域土地利用变化、年径流量和输沙量变化特征及其相关关系，以期促进水土资源的合理开发和利用，为塔里木河流域的生态环境治理提供科学依据。水文数据为2005-2020年流域焉耆站、同古孜洛克站、卡群站、西大桥站、阿拉尔站年径流量、年输沙量，土地利用数据为1980-2015年土地利用空间分布数据。结果表明：（1）1980-2015年，土地利用面积比例变化为-1.07%~1.16%，耕地面积增幅为1.16%，沙地面积增幅0.30%，草地面积降幅1.07%；（2）流域内各主要河流多年平均径流量为22.99×108~67.46×108 m3，多年平均输沙量63.20×104~3070.00×104t；开都河多年平均含沙量为0.24 kg/m3，其余河流平均含沙量均大于4kg/m3；塔里木河流域年径流量和年输沙量均呈现下降变化趋势，且年输沙量的变异性（40.89%~73.11%）大于年径流量（15.54%~35.37%）；（3）各主要河流的年径流量、年输沙量与耕地和城乡居民用地的占比均呈负相关关系，与林地、草地、沙地等均呈现正相关关系。建议合理进行土地开发，禁止盲目开荒种田，充分运用智能化手段开展在线动态监测，及时掌握水土流失情况，恢复和重建塔里木河流域生态。     

SWAT模型及SUFI-2算法在秃尾河上游流域径流模拟中的应用

通过构建处于干旱和半干旱地区的秃尾河流域(上游)的水文、气象、土地利用土壤等数据库,利用基于分布式的SWAT模型对该流域的水文过程和产流机制进行模拟,并通过改进的SUFI-2算法对模型参数进行不确定分析、率定和验证,探讨SWAT模型在于旱和半干旱流域的适应性.采用1977-1983年的月径流实测数据进行模型率定,用1984-1989年的月径流数据进行模型验证.验证结果表明:该研究流域年径流相关系数(R2)和模型效应系数(Ens)均小于0.6(通常认为当模拟结果期望值大于0.6时,模型能比较准确地描述了研究流域的水文过程);月径流相关系数和模型效应系数超过或者接近0.6的水平;汛期(5-10月)模型径流相关系数和效应系数最高(超过或接近0.8).研究表明通过改进的SWAT-SUFI模型能较好地模拟研究流域的汛期径流,而对全年径流和枯水期的径流模拟不够理想.     

新疆玛纳斯河径流时间变化特征及其趋势分析

依据新疆玛纳斯河肯斯瓦特水文站近46年实测月径流量资料,采用Morlet小波分析,径流集中度、轮次分析、游程检验、极差分析、气候趋势系数法等方法分析了玛纳斯河径流系列多时间尺度变化特征及其未来变化趋势。结果表明:玛纳斯河年径流系列存在7年及25年主周期;极限枯水历时达8年,平均缺水4.40m3/s;单独丰水年概率高于单独枯水年概率,发生3年及以上连枯年概率均高于连丰年,易发生持续干旱;玛纳斯河年径流和夏季径流显著增加(P=0.01),幅度分别为2.24m3/(s·10a)及7.45m3/(s·10a),夏季径流增加尤为明显;秋季和冬季径流也呈现增加趋势(P=0.05),幅度分别为0.45m3/(s·10a)及0.49m3/(s·10a)。     

气候变化下的塔里木盆地西南部内陆河流域径流组分特征分析

气候变化对中亚高山区水循环影响显著,加剧了区域水资源供需矛盾.认识区域内陆河径流组分特征对于水资源管理具有重要意义.基于塔里木盆地西南部提孜那甫河流域过去60a(1957-2016年)的气象、径流数据,分析了区域气候变化特征及径流组分的响应.结果 表明:(1)过去60 a来,流域气温及山区降水呈现出明显的上升趋势,自2...     

沂蒙山区典型小流域次暴雨的氮磷输出特征

[目的]揭示暴雨条件下沂蒙山区的氮磷流失特征。[方法]以沂蒙山区沂河上游的孟良崮小流域为例,对2010年8月12日一场暴雨的径流及氮磷流失动态过程进行了监测分析。[结果]暴雨条件下产流迅速,降雨强度峰值出现于流量峰值之前;铵态氮(AN)和总氮(TN)浓度先变大后趋于稳定,硝态氮(NN)降雨初期无明显变化,后期逐渐变大并趋于稳定;水溶性无机磷(DOP)浓度呈锯齿状变化,水溶性有机磷(DIP)、水溶性全磷(DP)、颗粒态全磷(PP)和全磷(TP)浓度先变大后趋于稳定,浓度峰值出现于流量峰值之前;TN和TP输出浓度较大,远超过水体富营养化的标准。[结论]该研究可为沂蒙山区农业非点源污染的合理治理提供科学依据。