日粮补充苹果渣或有机矿对鹅生产性能、蛋品质及繁殖性能的影响

本研究旨在评估日粮单独添加苹果渣或补充苹果渣和有机微量元素对鹅生产、繁殖性能及蛋品质的影响。试验将产蛋期的360只鹅随机分为3组,每组120只(30只/重复),对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组分别饲喂苹果渣日粮和苹果渣+有机微量元素日粮,试验持续14周。结果:苹果渣补充或不补充有机矿较对照组显著提高了孵化率和仔鹅存活率(P<0.05),苹果渣+有机矿组较其他两组显著提高了蛋长度、蛋壳尖端和钝端厚度(P<0.05),但显著降低了蛋型指数、蛋壳重量和蛋黄重量(P<0.05)。日粮添加苹果渣同时补充有机矿较对对照组显著提高了鹅蛋中甘油二酯、胆固醇、胆固醇酯的含量(P<0.05),但苹果渣补充或不补充有机矿磷脂含量较对照组显著降低了13.17%和20.08%(P<0.05)。与苹果渣组相比,日粮添加苹果渣补充有机矿非酯化脂肪酸含量显著提高了31.76%(P<0.05)。结论:日粮添加苹果渣同时补充有机铜和锌可显著改善鹅的繁殖性能、蛋品质及蛋中脂肪组分。     

Influence of larval and juvenile life history on age at first maturity in two tropical amphidromous fish species

This study investigates how age at first maturity of two tropical amphidromous species Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Pallas, 1770) and Cotylopus acutipinnis (Guichenot, 1863) varies in relation to their larval and juvenile life history. Reproductive stage was estimated based on histological observation of ovaries of more than 200 females of each species caught monthly over 1 year. The age of fish was estimated by interpreting the daily increments deposited on otoliths during the oceanic larval phase, and the juvenile phase in the river. The age at first maturity was approximately 9 months for S. lagocephalus and 7 months for C. acutipinnis, corresponding to approximately 70–130 and 90–130 days after they returned to freshwater respectively. For both species, the time spent in freshwater before maturity was significantly influenced by the duration of the pelagic larval stage at sea (PLD) and the season of return in freshwater. Individuals with a long PLD, or returning in freshwater during the warmer season, maturated faster once in freshwater. This reproductive advantage may minimise the risk of extirpation due to catastrophic events at each generation and thus probably benefits amphidromous species living in very unpredictable tropical rivers.     

铲头堆砂白蚁原始繁殖蚁形成的周期

铲头堆砂白蚁Cryptotermes declivis Tsai et Chen是破坏木材及木制品的重要干木白蚁,其有翅成虫通过分飞配对后建立新群体,是其重要繁殖扩散途径。本文对铲头堆砂白蚁原始繁殖蚁形成周期进行了研究。以似桂木Paratocarpus sp.、团花Anthocephalus chinensis(Lam.) Rich. et Walp.和球花豆Parkia sp.作为该种白蚁食料,研究其原始繁殖蚁配对后从新建群体的形成到产生下一代的原始繁殖蚁,完成1个世代生活周期。结果表明,铲头堆砂白蚁在室温下,新建群体的形成、发展、发育至下一代原始繁殖蚁形成的周期约5 a,不同寄主材料对铲头堆砂白蚁生活周期没有显著性影响,但与群体数量多少显著相关。本研究首次明确了铲头堆砂白蚁群体发育成熟的周期,对该害虫的检疫与防控研究具有重要参考价值。     

Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from turf management of two Swedish golf courses

Turf management on golf courses entails frequent maintenance activities, such as mowing, irrigation and fertilisation, and relies on purchased inputs for optimal performance and aesthetic quality. Using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, this study evaluated energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from management of two Swedish golf courses, divided into green, tee, fairway and rough, and identified options for improved management. Energy use and GHG emissions per unit area were highest for greens, followed by tees, fairways and roughs. However, when considering the entire golf course, both energy use and GHG emissions were mainly related to fairway and rough maintenance due to their larger area. Emissions of GHG for the two golf courses were 1.0 and 1.6 Mg CO₂e ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ as an area-weighted average, while the energy use was 14 and 19 GJ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Mowing was the most energy-consuming activity, contributing 21 and 27% of the primary energy use for the two golf courses. In addition, irrigation and manufacturing of mineral fertiliser and machinery resulted in considerable energy use. Mowing and emissions associated with fertilisation (manufacturing of N fertiliser and soil emissions of N₂O occurring after application) contributed most to GHG emissions. Including the estimated mean annual soil C sequestration rate for fairway and rough in the assessment considerably reduced the carbon footprint for fairway and turned the rough into a sink for GHG. Emissions of N₂O from decomposition of grass clippings may be a potential hotspot for GHG emissions, but the high spatial and temporal variability of values reported in the literature makes it difficult to estimate these emissions for specific management regimes. Lowering the application rate of N mineral fertiliser, particularly on fairways, should be a high priority for golf courses trying to reduce their carbon footprint. However, measures must be adapted to the prevailing conditions at the specific golf course and the requirements set by golfers.     

中国荷斯坦牛干奶期长度的群体特征及其与生产性能的关系

本研究旨在探究北京地区中国荷斯坦牛干奶期长度（DPL）的变化规律及其变异对奶牛各项生产性能的影响，包括产奶性能、繁殖性能、初乳品质和乳房健康。收集了北京地区34个牧场出生于2009—2018年136 231头中国荷斯坦牛的干奶日期、生产性能记录、繁殖性能记录等。通过整理试验牛群的干奶记录，揭示了北京地区中国荷斯坦牛1胎和2胎DPL的群体规律，利用固定模型分析了胎次、产犊季节、场-产犊年和初产月龄对DPL的影响；此外，利用固定模型分析了DPL的变异对日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、首末次配种间隔（interval from first to last insemination，IFL）、产犊至首次配种间隔（interval from calving to first insemination，ICF）和初乳品质的影响，利用Logistic回归过程分析了DPL的变异对首次配种受胎率（conception rate of first insemination，CR）、首次配种56 d不返情率（56-days non-return rate of first insemination，NRR56）、难产率和乳房健康的影响。研究结果显示，北京地区中国荷斯坦牛DPL平均为58.81 d，胎次、产犊季节、场-产犊年和初产月龄均对DPL有显著影响（P<0.05）。DPL的变异对日产奶量、乳蛋白率、ICF、CR、NRR56、难产率和乳房健康有显著影响（P<0.05）。干奶期短的奶牛测定日平均乳蛋白率、CR和NRR56更高；DPL适中的奶牛测定日平均产奶量更高、乳房健康水平更好、ICF更短、难产率更低。本研究在国内利用大规模牛群数据揭示了中国荷斯坦牛DPL的群体规律，可为中国规模化奶牛场提升管理水平提供参考。     

补光对兰云杉和红皮云杉生长的影响

云杉苗期生长缓慢是生产中的主要问题,补光可促进苗木生长,缩短育苗周期,提高育苗效率.研究不同光源(阳光灯、镝灯、碘钨灯)、不同光照时间对兰云杉和红皮云杉1年生苗苗高、地径、侧枝数、根系、生物量等生长性状的影响,结果表明:光照处理可以抑制苗木休眠,促进其持续生长,对2种云杉的各生长指标均有显著的促进作用；不同光源、不同光...     

战后美国经济周期再考察

二战后美国经济周期波动发生显著变化。相比二战之前，美国经济周期扩张期拉长，衰退期缩短，二者之间形成剪刀差。经济周期长度、扩张期跨度和紧缩期跨度的离散度远远大于战前。二战后至今，美国经济中周期出现（朱格拉周期）呈拉长的趋势，扩张期远远长于衰退期，中周期（朱格拉周期）和短周期（基钦周期）的波幅经历了从小到大的阶段性变化。     

日粮鱼油对高脂日粮饲喂小鼠发情周期和机体产热的影响

本研究旨在探讨鱼油对高脂日粮饲喂小鼠发情周期和机体代谢产热的影响。试验选用36只4周龄C57BL/6 J雌性小鼠,随机分成3组（n=12）：对照组、高脂组和高脂+鱼油组。对照组饲喂标准啮齿动物饲料（AIN-93G）,高脂组和高脂+鱼油组分别饲喂高脂日粮（脂肪提供60%能量）和添加5%鱼油（等能替代猪油）的高脂日粮。试验期间,对小鼠体组成（12周龄）、整体代谢（16周龄）、褐色脂肪温度（18周龄）、体核温度（直肠温度,18周龄）和发情周期（20周龄）等进行检测。试验结束后,眼球采血分离血清,检测促卵泡激素（follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH）和雌二醇（estradiol,E2）的水平。此外,采集皮下脂肪、腹部脂肪和肩胛间褐色脂肪,称重并使用Western blot检测脂肪组织中产热相关基因的蛋白表达（UCP1、Cyto C）,使用实时荧光定量PCR检测褐色脂肪组织中产热基因的mRNA表达（UCP1, PRDM16,PGC1α,Cidea,Elovl3）。结果显示,与对照组相比,高脂日粮显著增加了小鼠的体脂含量（12周龄）及皮下和腹部脂肪的沉积量（21周龄）（P<0.05）,而添加鱼油显著降低了高脂饮食引起的体脂含量增加（P<0.05）。另外,高脂日粮导致小鼠的发情周期紊乱,伴随着周期延长、发情期缩短,以及血清中FSH和E2的水平降低（P<0.05）,而添加鱼油可缓解高脂日粮导致的小鼠发情周期紊乱,提高血清中FSH和E2的水平（P<0.05）。同时,添加鱼油可增加高脂饲喂小鼠肩胛间褐色脂肪（interscapular brown adipose tissue,iBAT）和腹股沟白色脂肪（inguinal white adipose tissue,iWAT）中产热相关基因的表达（P<0.05）,进而促进iBAT激活/产热和iWAT褐色化。结果提示,日粮鱼油可缓解高脂日粮导致的发情周期紊乱,可能与BAT激活和WAT褐色化造成的机体代谢产热增强有关。     

5-Aza-dC对牛成肌细胞MyoD1启动子甲基化及mRNA表达的影响

旨在探究5-氮杂-2-脱氧胞苷（5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine,5-Aza-dC）对牛成肌细胞的增殖和肌分化因子（myogenic differentiation 1,MyoD1）启动子甲基化以及mRNA表达的影响。本研究复苏了前期冻存的关岭牛成肌细胞,并进行培养,待其生长到对数生长期,再通过不同浓度的5-Aza-dC对牛成肌细胞进行处理,利用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和周期;结合高通量检测方法检测MyoD1启动子甲基化水平,并利用qRT-PCR检测MyoD1及相关基因的表达水平。研究发现,0.1 μmol·L^-15-Aza-dC为最适浓度,该浓度下细胞抗凋亡因子Bcl的表达极显著降低（P<0.01）,促凋亡因子Bax的表达极显著提高（P<0.01）,促凋亡因子Caspase-9的表达显著提高（P<0.05）;周期因子Cyclin A2的表达显著提高（P<0.05）,而细胞因子Cyclin B1、Cyclin D的表达无显著变化;检测空白组和试验组MyoD1启动子甲基化水平发现,试验组甲基化水平极显著低于空白组（P<0.01）;而mRNA的表达水平极显著高于空白组（P<0.01）。5-Aza-dC能够通过改变Caspase-9、Bcl、Bax、Cyclin A2等基因的表达来调节关岭牛成肌细胞的增殖和凋亡,并能够有效降低MyoD1基因启动子的甲基化水平（P<0.01）;极显著提高其mRNA的表达量（P<0.01）。低浓度的5-Aza-dC能通过促进细胞凋亡及调控关岭牛MyoD1的甲基化水平来调控MyoD1的表达;同时推测,MyoD1基因启动子的甲基化水平能够影响关岭牛成肌细胞的生长发育,可为遗传标记辅助关岭牛的改良提供理论参考。     

Carrier rate of the c.235G>C mutation in the bovine isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IARS) gene of Japanese Black cows at Kagoshima prefecture, Japan,and analysis of the metabolic profiling and reproductive performance of heterozygous cows

Bovine isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IARS) disorder, a major cause of weak calf syndrome, is caused by a homozygous missense (c.235G>C) mutation in the bovine IARS gene of Japanese Black (JB) cattle, which was identified in 2013. However, the extent to which the carrier rate has changed at Kagoshima prefecture, Japan, and whether the carrier status is associated with any clinical or reproductive problems, have yet to be ascertained. In this study, using a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping assay, we determined the carrier rate in a regional JB cow population at Kagoshima prefecture. Comparative analyses were performed on the metabolic profile test (MPT) results and reproductive performance data obtained for heterozygous carrier and homozygous wild-type cows. In 2009 and 2018, DNA samples were collected from 130 and 462 clinically healthy JB cows, respectively, in Kagoshima prefecture. MPT results and reproductive performance data were evaluated for 62 cows, comprising four heterozygous carriers and 58 wild-type cows. Genotyping revealed that the carrier rate was 6.9% in 2009 and 1.5% in 2018, the difference of which was statistically significant (P<0.005). There were no statistically significant differences between the carrier and wild-type cows with respect to either MPT results or reproductive performance, indicating that the carrier cows have necessary IARS activity to maintain minimal health and reproductive potential.