A simple process-based model for estimating ammonia emissions from agricultural land after fertilizer applications

Abstract. Fertilizer applications to agricultural land are a significant source of ammonia (NH₃) emission to the atmosphere, accounting for approximately 10% of the total emissions from agriculture. Current estimates of emissions from fertilizer applications use 'fixed' emission factors. This paper describes a model in which the emission factors are expressed as a function of the important influencing variables: fertilizer type, soil pH, land use, application rate, rainfall and temperature. Total emission in 2002 for the UK were estimated by running the model for a 'standard UK' scenario, viz. 28.7 kt NH₃-N, which compares well with the UK inventory estimate of 30.4 kt NH₃-N. Differences exist in the estimates for specific fertilizer types, with the mean emission factor for urea applications to grassland, in particular, being lower by use of this model (13% compared with 23% of applied N for the UK inventory). Emission estimates were most sensitive to temperature and fertilizer type. Scenario testing showed that significant reductions in emission could be achieved by replacing urea with other forms of N fertilizer, by combining urea use with a urease inhibitor, or by modifying some management practices.     

Effectiveness of palm and simulated geotextiles in reducing run-off and inter-rill erosion on medium and steep slopes

Palm‐leaf geotextiles could be an effective and cheap soil conservation method with enormous global potential. However, there are very few data on the effectiveness of palm geotextiles in reducing soil erosion by water. This study investigates the effectiveness of two types of palm geotextiles and the effect of geotextile mesh size on infiltration, run‐off and inter‐rill erosion rate and soil surface roughness on a medium and steep slope. A well‐defined protocol was developed to conduct laboratory experiments. Rainfall was simulated for 90 min with an intensity (I) of 45 and 67 mm h^?1 on an inter‐rill erosion plot, filled with an erodible sandy loam and having slope gradients (S) of 15 and 45%. Two palm‐leaf geotextiles (Borassus aethiopum and Brazilian Buriti Palm) and three simulated geotextiles (polyethylene tarpaulin) with different mesh sizes (1 × 1, 5 × 5 and 12 × 12 cm) were tested on a simulated fine tilth. Calculated k values from the Horton infiltration equation ranged from 0.025 to 0.145 and decreased linearly on both slopes with geotextile cover. Geotextiles are more effective in reducing the run‐off coefficient on a medium slope (15%) compared with that on a steep slope (45%), ranging from 76.4 to 17.9%. Mean b values from the mulch cover equation equalled 0.024 for a 15% slope and 0.045 for a 45% slope, indicating a higher effectiveness of geotextiles in reducing total inter‐rill soil loss on gentler slopes compared with commonly used mulches. Erosion‐induced soil surface roughness at the end of each experiment increased linearly with geotextile cover percentage and this increase was not significantly different between the two slope gradients.     

模拟降雨条件下植被调控坡面水沙输出过程研究

为研究不同植被覆盖对坡面水沙输出过程调控效应,本文通过人工模拟降雨试验的方法,对3种典型的乔木灌木草本植被即构树、荆条和黑麦草,在坡度10°、降雨强度30 mm/h和坡度20°、降雨强度30 mm/h条件下的水沙输出的过程进行了试验研究,并对结果进行了综合分析。研究结果表明:3种植被整个产流过程的径流量均呈现先上升后逐渐稳定的趋势,产沙量呈先上升后下降,再逐渐保持稳定的趋势;构树、荆条和黑麦草均对坡面产流产沙过程有良好的调控能力,能够减少径流量和产沙量,其中黑麦草对产流和产沙均表现出较强的调控力,其次是构树,荆条最差。在对坡面径流流速的调控方面,流速整体呈现先增加后稳定的趋势,三者对径流流速的调控能力:黑麦草荆条构树。     

利用雨水对半干旱地区覆膜春小麦有限灌溉的研究

在宁夏南部山区对春小麦集雨补充灌溉研究表明,春小麦全生育期覆膜栽培能有效地抑制土壤蒸发,大幅度增加产量,提高水分利用率。在覆膜春小麦拨节期灌水30mm产量可增加371.1kg/hm²,水分利用率提高11.2%,拨节期是地膜春小麦集雨节灌最佳补水时期。地膜春小麦拨节期1次供水30、60、90和120mm,与不灌水相比,小麦籽粒产量均有大幅度增加,增幅分别为23.4%、68.7%、105.5%和98.3%。分析认为,覆膜春小麦1次补灌水量以60mm为宜     

连续降雨作用下褐土坡面侵蚀及其水动力学特征

为研究在长时间降雨侵蚀过程中北京褐土坡面侵蚀特征及其水动力学机制,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,分别在60,90 mm/h雨强下对褐土坡面进行连续10场次降雨试验,探讨了坡面侵蚀过程中的产流产沙特征及其与水动力学参数间的关系。结果表明:(1)在雨强及次降雨量较一致的条件下,随降雨场次增加坡面次降雨产流量变动较小,而次降雨产沙量变化较大,60,90 mm/h雨强下次降雨产沙量的变异系数为23.94%和59.88%,且第10场降雨的产沙量仅为第1场降雨的59.74%和22.28%;(2)连续降雨条件下,平均次降雨产沙速率随雨强增大而增大,径流含沙量随降雨时间呈幂函数下降趋势;(3)受褐土坡面细沟形态变化和土壤粗化的影响,60,90 mm/h雨强下坡面径流平均流速分别随降雨时间呈指数函数和幂函数下降趋势,弗劳德数亦表现出相同趋势;坡面径流阻力系数随降雨历时均呈对数函数增加;(4)长时间降雨侵蚀条件下径流含沙量与平均流速、弗劳德数、阻力系数、径流功率相关关系极显著,其中平均流速是径流含沙量变化过程中与其关系最为密切的水动力学参数,径流含沙量的变化深刻受到坡面径流平均流速的动力作用过程影响。     

自然降雨对黑土地表氮素养分流失的影响

针对黑土利用现状，在吉林农业大学黑土区选择不同利用方式的玉米地、休闲地、果园、草地，并在玉米区进行了不同数量的施肥。通过野外试验，采集2002年度5～10月历次自然降雨（共7次）产流及泥沙样品，同时采集降雨前后的耕层土壤样品，研究了黑土区地表径流对氮素养分特征及肥力退化的影响。结果表明：侵蚀泥沙的粒级分布特征表现为（1～0．05mm与0．05～0．01mm）2个粒级接近80％。土壤TN流失随植被覆盖度增加而减少；径流矿质氮流失随植被覆盖度增大并无减少，即植被覆盖度并不能减少土壤矿质氮流失；不同的植被类型，NH46^＋—N流失相差较大，NO3^-—N相差较小。在土壤养分含量差异不明显时．施肥量对黑土径流氮素养分流失的影响表现为泥沙TN、径流TN浓度均随氮用量增加而增加；当氮肥施用量为N2（98kg／hm^2），磷肥（44kg／hm^2）施用量为P2时，泥沙和径流氮素流失相对较小。     

人工模拟降雨特性的试验研究

本文对降雨的特性,降雨量、降雨强度;降雨分布的均匀性;雨滴直径大小和分配;雨滴终点速度等方面进行了试验研究,并根据国内外学者的研究成果与笔者的工作,提出了一些有代表性的测定方法和计算方法。     

模拟降雨条件下坡地径流泥沙特征研究

基于野外原位模拟降雨试验,研究桥子沟流域裸地、撂荒地、草地、林地4种土地利用类型的径流和泥沙流失分别对90,120mm/h两种雨强的响应特征。结果表明:雨强90,120mm/h条件下,4种土地利用类型中林地径流量最少,撂荒地产流量最大,约为林地径流量的7倍;产流量顺序为:撂荒地裸地草地林地;产沙量顺序为:裸地撂荒地草地林地;坡面累积径流量和累积产沙量随产流时间呈线性规律变化趋势,径流(产沙)系数表现为撂荒地裸地草地林地。坡面累积产沙量对累积径流量响应呈现幂函数变化规律,而且随着累积径流量增大,累积产沙量递增速率显著增大。     

紫色土表土结皮发育特征的试验研究

通过模拟降雨试验,探讨了紫色土表土结皮的发育特征。结果表明：有、无雨滴打击下,紫色土在30min内均形成稳定结皮层,厚度约7～8mm;淋移作用是紫色土形成结皮的主导作用,降雨打击使表土在降雨前期迅速形成致密薄层,抑制了淋移作用并使盖网处理的结皮容重略高;孔隙的剖面分布对入渗、抗剪强度有较大影响,表现在发生层总孔隙度低但分布均匀的盖网处理具有更强的入渗能力,且由于降雨初期未发生致密上层使其抗剪强度略低。     

人工降雨条件下耕翻面积对水土流失的影响

[目的]探讨耕翻面积对水土流失的影响,为黄土高原地区农田水土流失防治提供依据。[方法]通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了3种坡度下不同耕翻面积的产流和产沙特性。[结果]耕地的产流和产沙特征除了与坡度、雨强以及土壤前期含水量等因素有关外,还与耕翻面积有密切关系。坡度相同时,随耕翻面积的增加初始产流逐渐延后;耕翻面积相同时,随着坡度的增大径流量有增大的趋势,在坡度15°的情况下,耕翻50%时径流量最大。相同坡度下,随耕翻面积的增加,产沙量呈持续上升趋势;坡度为10°时,耕翻面积对产沙量的影响表现最为明显,翻耕的产沙量平均为不耕翻的8.66倍。15°坡度下径流量对累积产沙量的影响最显著。不同耕翻面积下的产流率在产流开始后10min左右趋于稳定。在不同坡度下全耕的产沙率均最大,不耕翻的最小。[结论]随着耕翻面积逐渐增大,初始产流时间逐渐延后,径流量逐渐减小,产沙量逐渐增大。