有限供水条件下旱地春小麦水分的高效利用

全球气候变化最令人担忧的问题是干旱,而水分又是影响小麦产量的重要因素之一,农田水分的管理与有效利用已经受到人们的高度重视。作者以春小麦为实验材料,采用盆栽和小区试验相结合的方法,针对黄土高原半干旱地区的有限水分环境,研究了有限供水的高效利用问题。盆栽条件下,采用3种肥力水平与拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期有限供水组合处理。对生长发育、产量构成和水分利用效率等指标测定的结果表明,施肥可以显著增大叶面积,促进根系生长,提高子粒产量;而施肥条件下,拔节期有限供水能够显著增加穗粒数和粒重。小区试验结果表明,满足春小麦最大产量所需的灌水量约为200mm,获得作物水分利用效率最高时的适宜灌水量约为100mm,而拔节期60mm的灌水量可以使灌水利用效率接近最大值。拔节期60mm灌水条件下,耗水量、作物水分利用效率和灌水利用效率同步增长,同时土壤的贮存水也得到了有效利用。根据以上结果可得出:在黄土高原缺水地区,春小麦有限灌溉的适宜灌水量下限应不低于60mm,一次性补充灌溉的最佳时期为拔节期     

灌水与施硫对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

为探讨灌水与施硫对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响,在大田条件下,研究了小麦生育期内不灌水(W0)、仅灌拔节水(W1)、灌拔节水+开花水(W2),每次灌水定额75mm,和不施硫0kg·hm-2(S0)、施硫60kg·hm-2(S60)对小麦干物质积累、产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:随灌水次数的增加,田间耗水量增多,产量提高,但水分利用率降低;在3个灌水条件下,S60较S0均显著提高了生育后期干物质积累量、籽粒产量、水分利用率、灌水利用率和降水利用率;在所有灌水和施硫处理组合中,以S60W2干物质积累量和籽粒产量最高,分别为22 082k、8 087kg·hm-2,水分利用率以S60W0最高,为15.42kg·hm-2·mm-1,W2S0最低,为13.81kg·hm-2·mm-1,灌水利用率则以S60W1最高,达105.09kg·hm-2·mm-1。由此建议,在正常降水年型条件下,在氮磷钾合理配施和底墒水适宜的基础上,可采取施硫60kg·hm-2结合拔节期灌W1水的措施,实现小麦产量和水分效率的同步提高。     

垄覆膜集雨对苜蓿草地土壤水分动态及利用效率的影响

我国西北黄土高原干旱半干旱区年降雨稀少和土壤水分周期性亏缺, 导致人工草地生产力低下、水分利用效率低。本试验在旱作条件下, 将垄覆膜集雨措施应用于紫花苜蓿种植, 研究了沟垄宽比和覆膜方式对2 年龄苜蓿草地土壤水分动态及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: 垄覆膜集雨在集雨前期(4 月中旬至6 月上旬)显著提高0~20 cm 土层土壤含水量, 在集雨中后期(6 月中旬至9 月下旬)显著提高0~120 cm 土层平均含水量,越冬期增加土壤水分入渗能力, 提高20~120 cm 土层平均含水量; 且垄覆膜处理的集雨效率高于土垄处理。随着生育时期的延伸, 垄覆膜处理0~120 cm 土壤平均贮水量呈先降后升的趋势, 土垄处理0~120 cm 土壤平均贮水量呈由高到低的趋势; 在苜蓿生长后期垄覆膜处理的蓄墒能力显著高于土垄处理。垄覆膜处理的平均水分利用效率为34.91 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2, 为对照(平作, CK)的2.25 倍, 土垄处理的平均水分利用效率为28.47kg·mm^-1·hm^-2, 为CK 的1.83 倍, 垄覆膜相对土垄处理平均水分利用效率提高22.62%; 垄覆膜处理以沟垄宽比为60 cm∶60 cm 和60 cm∶75 cm 的水分利用效率最高。     

覆膜集雨与限量补灌对土壤水分及冬小麦产量的影响

依据北京昌平2005－2006年冬小麦田间试验,探讨覆膜集雨和限量补灌措施对土壤水分及产量影响。结果表明：限量补灌明显的增加了田间土壤水分和耗水量,1.6 m土层耗水量比对照增加45.8%,比覆膜增加29%～39%,产量是对照的1.63～1.95倍,比单纯覆膜增产32%～58%,结合覆膜比单纯补灌略增加上层土壤水分,但产量效应不明显;在覆膜面积占种植面积40%,降雨是常年水平一半的条件下,覆膜集雨提升上层土壤水分,降低深层土壤水分,1.6 m土层耗水量较对照增加3.68%～12.23%,且对深层水的利用是对照的1.55～1.69倍,小麦抗旱能力增强,增产63%～95%, 1 m土层水分生产效率提高55.8%～73.8%;在都有覆膜的前提下,追肥比早秋施肥和一次基肥更好地保持了苗期土层水分。总体来看,覆膜结合补灌追肥和限量补灌措施抗旱增产效果显著,值得在华北地区旱地农田推广应用。     

基于SWAP模型的春小麦咸水非充分灌溉制度优化

为探讨石羊河流域春小麦适宜的咸水非充分灌溉制度,该文利用2008年、2009年的田间试验资料对SWAP模型进行了率定和验证,并应用模型模拟了不同水文年型、不同灌水方案对土壤水盐平衡、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:咸水灌溉时,适宜的非充分灌溉能够提高作物产量和水分利用效率,土体盐分增加量明显降低;而咸水灌溉时最大产量及对应的灌水量随灌水矿化度的增大而降低。春小麦最优灌水方案为:1)25%降水年型(丰水年),灌水矿化度0.7、3、6 g/L的最优方案均为灌3次水,灌溉定额322 mm;2)50%降水年型(平水年),灌水矿化度0.7、3、6 g/L的最优方案均为灌3次水,灌溉定额分别为328、287、246 mm;3)75%降水年型(枯水年),灌水矿化度0.7和3 g/L的最优方案为灌4次水,灌溉定额分别为440和396 mm,灌水矿化度6g/L对应的最优方案为灌3次水,灌溉定额352mm。该文提出的灌溉方案对于该地区咸水资源的高效利用具有一定的指导意义。     

集雨补灌春小麦花后干物质积累分配及灌浆特性

研究了集雨补灌条件下陇中半干旱区春小麦产量水分效应、开花后干物质积累分配及籽粒灌浆特性。结果表明,集雨补灌对旱地作物具有补偿或超补偿效应,具有明显的增产效应,可提高产量水平、水分利用效率(WUE)及灌水利用效率(IWUE)。孕穗期补灌的WUE最高,而拔节期 孕穗期分期补灌的IWUE最高。经模拟,春小麦的叶、茎、鞘干物质积累动态不同于穗及全株。补灌小麦的干物质积累量、日生产量及相对生长率(RGR)均高于对照。在干物质运转分配方面,补灌小麦较之于对照表现为移动量大,转换率高。补灌延长了春小麦灌浆持续期及提高了平均灌浆速率。     

垄沟覆膜集雨系统垄宽和密度效应对玉米产量的影响

通过大田试验研究了垄沟覆膜集雨系统中,垄宽和密度效应对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响。垄沟覆膜集雨系统有30、60 cm 2种垄宽,低、中、高3种玉米种植密度。结果表明,垄沟覆膜集雨能提高土壤含水率和土壤微生物量碳质量分数。随着玉米密度的增加,同一垄宽的垄沟集雨系统中,玉米株高和单株生物量逐渐下降,玉米单位面积生物量逐渐增加。降雨量较少的情况下,60 cm垄宽的垄沟覆膜集雨能显著提高玉米的叶绿素质量分数,但其在高密度条件下却显著降低玉米叶绿素质量分数。高密度条件下,30 cm垄宽的垄沟覆膜集雨处理,由于玉米种内竞争较激烈而导致有机物质向籽粒输入减少,从而引起产量降低。在所有的处理中,高密度、60 cm垄宽的垄沟覆膜集雨种植的玉米产量和水分利用效率最高。     

半干旱区施氮和灌溉条件下覆膜对春玉米产量及氮素平衡的影响

以典型半干旱区干湿砂质新成土（Ust-Sandic Entisols）为供试土壤进行田间试验,研究地膜覆盖、施氮及补充灌水量对春玉米（Zea mays L.）产量、土壤矿质氮（NO3--N和NH4+-N）及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,0—100 cm土体范围内,随着土层加深,播前和收获后土壤NO3--N含量呈降低趋势,NH4+-N有所增加,但变幅不大;总矿质氮量（NO3--N和NH4+-N）表现为下降。说明地膜覆盖和施氮并没有使NO3--N深层累积量增加,这可能与土壤本身供氮能力严重不足有关。与不施氮相比,施氮各处理氮肥表观损失量增加;与不覆膜相比,作物氮素累积量比不覆膜显著增加（P0.05）。在低灌（80 mm）覆膜和高灌（160 mm）覆膜条件下,玉米的氮肥利用率均比不覆膜均提高了18.8%,说明覆膜低灌在相同施氮条件下,可节约80 mm灌水。但低灌（80 mm）与高灌（160 mm）不覆膜间氮肥利用率差异不显著,表明在相同施氮条件下,覆膜可有效提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素损失。综合考虑籽粒产量和氮肥利用率,“覆膜+补灌80 mm+施氮90 kg/hm2”可能为本试验条件下较优的栽培模式。     

调亏对膜上灌春小麦生长特性及产量效应的研究

借助于国家高科技农业“863”课题,以春小麦为供试作物,2004年和2005年在甘肃省张掖市甘州区进行了膜上灌春小麦调亏灌大田试验研究,研究了地膜覆盖(设丰水F(FM)、轻度L(FM)和中度M(FM))、露地(设丰水F(B)和中度M(B))。结果表明,与露地相比,覆膜处理春小麦出苗时间提前7~9 d;最大叶面积指数较露地提高12.34%~40.11%,增温1.5~1.7℃;同一水分处理下覆膜丰水处理F(FM)比露地丰水处理F(B)增产54.22%,WUE提高了4.67 kg/(mm.hm2);覆膜中度处理M(FM)比露地中度处理M(B)增产70.46%,WUE提高了4.91 kg/(mm.hm2)。最高产量所需的土壤适宜水分下限为50%~60%,较露地下降10%~15%。将亏缺灌溉与地膜覆盖两种措施相结合,旨在探讨其对产量形成过程的影响和相互作用,结果表明同一水分处理下覆膜小麦不仅具有较高的生物产量,而且茎、叶、穗等器官营养物质的输出率、分配率、转换率均高于露地小麦,相同水分条件下覆膜处理具有明显的增温、保墒增产作用。     

生物降解地膜对黄土旱塬玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

研究黄土旱塬不同厚度生物降解地膜对作物产量和水分利用效率的影响,为黄土旱塬区生物降解地膜应用提供参考依据。采用0.006、0.008、0.010 mm 3种厚度的生物降解地膜,以裸地为对照,测定不同处理土壤水分、植株性状、产量和水分利用效率等指标。结果表明,生物降解地膜厚度减薄会显著降低地膜对水分的保蓄能力,覆膜后150 d,0.006 mm生物降解地膜单株叶面积小于裸地,0.008、0.010 mm生物降解地膜单株叶面积较裸地分别增加20.2%、22.2%。覆膜后120 d,0.006、0.008 mm生物降解地膜叶片SPAD值与裸地没有明显差异,0.010 mm生物降解地膜叶片SPAD值较裸地增加4.2%。生物降解地膜厚度对春玉米产量和水分利用效率有显著影响,生物降解地膜越厚,春玉米产量和水分利用效率越高,但0.008、0.010 mm生物降解地膜在产量和水分利用效率上没有显著差异。     

基于NIR-SVM对鸭梨褐变病果的识别

本文针对水果内部品质评定分类存在主观性强和一致性差的特点,提出了一种新的鸭梨褐变识别分类方法,该方法是利用近红外光谱仪获取正常鸭梨和褐变鸭梨近红外光谱并对其进行分析的基础上,应用支持向量机(SVM)算法的识别原理建立正常鸭梨和褐变鸭梨的分类识别模型。在多项式核函数下对试验样品的识别准确率为95%。研究结果表明NIR-SVM用于对于鸭梨褐变病果的无损检测识别是可行的。     

遥感监测介电常数与土壤含水率关系模型

为了获取大范围地表土壤水分时空分布信息,该文开展了微波辐射计/散射计监测介电常数与土壤体积含水率之间的关系研究。微波观测的信号与目标的介电常数密切相关,而土壤含水率是决定土壤介电常数的决定性因素,这是利用微波遥感监测土壤水分的物理基础。该研究针对土壤介电常数到土壤水分之间的转换问题,利用Dobson半经验模型建立模拟数据库,用建立的模拟数据库对Hallikainen关系式进行最小二乘回归法标定,建立了适用于微波辐射计SMOS(频率1.4GHz)、AMSR-E(频率6.9GHz)和微波散射计ERS-WCS/METOP-ASCAT(频率5.3GHz)监测的介电常数到土壤体积含水率转换的简化模型。利用模拟数据和实测数据的联合验证结果表明,简化模型具有良好的精度和实用性。     

Growers problems with hydroponics

Growers problems with production of vegetables in soilless cultural systems are primarily caused by nutrient deficiencies or toxicities that may not necessarily be due to improper preparation of the nutrient solution. Pythium fungus disease on the roots has caused crop failures of tomatoes and cucumbers in NFT during warm weather.     

Nitrate Dynamic in a Tropical Mollisol Amended with Organic Manures,Planted with Sweet Corn,and Monitored with SPAD Readings

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of relative chlorophyll content (RCC) in sweet corn leaves as an indicator of nitrate concentration in soil. Study objectives were (1) to evaluate the effect of manure types (chicken and dairy), rates (0, 168, 336, and 672 kg ha^?1 equivalent N), and application frequency (one and two applications) of organic amendments on (a) nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) concentration within and below the crop root zone and (b) the RCC of sweet corn leaves and (2) to quantify the relationship between RCC and NO₃-N concentrations. The results showed a significant increase in NO₃-N concentrations within and below the root zone and plant leaf RCC under chicken manure treatments. Manure application rates and frequency had a significant effect on both NO₃-N concentration within and below the root zone and leaf RCC. It appears that leaf RCC can be used as an indicator of NO₃-N availability for sweet corn cultivated under the study conditions.     

Biochemical traits associated with growing sorghum genotypes with saline water in the field

Abstract

This study was aimed to determine biochemical traits related to higher phytomass production in sorghum genotypes irrigated with saline water. It was also attempted to consider whether or not forage yield production under non-saline conditions could be used as an index for for the selection of high yielding genotypes of sorghum under saline conditions. Forty-five sorghum genotypes were grown under field conditions using saline water or normal irrigation water in two growing seasons in Yazd, Iran. It appeared that salinity tolerance in sorghum genotypes, in addition to local adaption, was highly related to forage yield as well as some biochemical traits as carotenoid concentration, catalase activity, and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio. The screening method based on biochemical traits appeared to be applicable for identification of the salt-tolerant genotypes.     

Biological response of rats fed with tofu treated with high hydrostatic pressure

Emerging technologies for food preservation have arisen in recent years, such as high-pressure (HP) hydrostatic treatment, and the biological response for this kind of food preservation is not well-known. Forty female rats (six weeks old) were used in the experiment to evaluate the biological effects of HP treatment of tofu. The animals were divided into groups that were fed with tofu (untreated), tofu treated with HP, and conventional food (as control) for 28 days. The glucose level, mineral content (calcium, potassium, zinc, and magnesium), shinbone maximum shear force, weight of the body, and weight of organs (heart, liver, spleen, and kidneys) were analyzed. The biological response for the rats was that significant differences were found in the calcium amount determined on the serum of the rats fed with untreated tofu and those fed with tofu treated with HP, and the calcium amount was lower on the rats fed with tofu treated with HP. Also, there were significant differences in the weight of the liver, and it was lower in the rats fed with tofu treated with HP. It was quite remarkable how the weight of the body and organs were smaller in the rats fed with tofu in comparison to the weight of the control rats. In the other components assayed no significant differences were found. HP produces a potential effect on tofu as it is observed in the rats response to the tofu treated with HP.     

Nitrogen leaching losses under crops fertilized with biowaste compost compared with mineral fertilization

The effect of compost fertilization compared with mineral fertilization on N leaching to the groundwater was investigated in six plots of a long‐term field experiment and a lysimeter station on a Molli‐gleyic Fluvisol (WRB) near Vienna, Austria. The plots investigated included two treatments with compost fertilization (16 and 23 t ha^–1 y^–1, respectively, on average of 11 y), two treatments with mineral N fertilization (41 and 56 kg N ha^–1 y^–1, respectively), and two treatments with combined fertilization (9 t compost + 56 kg N ha^–1 y^–1 and 23 t compost + 22 kg N ha^–1 y^–1, respectively). Nitrogen leaching to the groundwater as determined using ceramic suction cups was not increased after 11 y of compost fertilization with higher amounts than used in practical farming (23 t ha^–1 y^–1, corresponding to an annual input of 205 kg N_tot ha^–1) as compared to mineral fertilization under the conditions of the experiment. Even intensive N mineralization during a 4‐month period of bare fallow did not cause pronounced differences between the fertilization treatments. The results suggest that in the pannonic climate, compost fertilization does not pose a risk for groundwater eutrophication on the medium term.     

Rice bran fermented with saccharomyces boulardii generates novel metabolite profiles with bioactivity

Emerging evidence supporting chronic disease fighting properties of rice bran has advanced the development of stabilized rice bran for human use as a functional food and dietary supplement. A global and targeted metabolomic investigation of stabilized rice bran fermented with Saccharomyces boulardii was performed in three rice varieties. Metabolites from S. boulardii-fermented rice bran were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and assessed for bioactivity compared to nonfermented rice bran in normal and malignant lymphocytes. Global metabolite profiling revealed significant differences in the metabolome that led to discovery of candidate compounds modulated by S. boulardii fermentation. Fermented rice bran extracts from three rice varieties reduced growth of human B lymphomas compared to each variety's nonfermented control and revealed that fermentation differentially altered bioactive compounds. These data support that integration of global and targeted metabolite analysis can be utilized for assessing health properties of rice bran phytochemicals that are enhanced by yeast fermentation and that differ across rice varieties.     

Pentachlorophenol interactions with soil

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) adsorption and desorption equilibrium was studied with two Menfro silt loam soils — upper horizon and lower horizon. For the adsorption studies the variables were: temperature (10 and 30 °C) and the amount of organic matter. The variables for the desorption studies were: temperature (10 and 30 °C), pH and the presence of an anionic and a cationic surfactant. The results from these studies confirmed the importance of soil organic matter for adsorption of PCP on the soils. The adsorption data at different temperatures indicated the physical nature of the adsorption process. The desorption data produced non-singularity and some PCP was irreversibly adsorbed onto the soil despite repeated washings. Increased pH increased the desorption of PCP from the soil. The anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDS) was able to desorb significant amounts of PCP from the soil at doses equal to critical micelle concentration (CMC). But, the nonionic surfactant, surfactant, Triton X-405 required a much higher dose (twice the CMC) to cause a significant desorption of PCP from the soil.