基于仿生脱粒的鸡喙啄取玉米果穗引起籽粒离散过程分析

在先离散后脱粒工艺基础上,为探究玉米果穗的低损伤离散,该文利用玉米离散试验系统对鸡喙啄取玉米籽粒的过程进行试验研究。结果表明,鸡喙接触玉米籽粒后,籽粒离鸡喙越近,推力的水平分力越大,籽粒运动越明显,越容易从果穗上分离下来,籽粒离鸡喙越远,推力的水平分力越小,籽粒越难与果穗分离;离散过程中,籽粒遵循"组砌规律"进行力的传递,传递的范围近似为"塔形",脱离果穗的籽粒的运动类似于斜抛运动;玉米果穗在果穗切线方向上的受力最大,其次是玉米果穗轴线方向上的受力,垂直于试验台方向上的受力最小;验证试验结果:玉米果穗的平均离散率为67.53%,平均离散损伤率为0.16%,表明模仿鸡喙的离散辊对玉米果穗有较好的离散效果,且损伤率低。该研究对低损伤玉米脱粒系统的设计提供了仿生学思路。     

An initial study into the use of microwave remediation of hexachlorobenzene treated soil using selected oxidants and coated graphite rods

Background, Aims, and Scope  Microwave remediation has become an established method to treat contaminated soils, sediments, and sludges. Chlorinated contaminants are of particular interest due to their widespread industrial use in the past and current potential health hazards. Literature reports the use of microwave heating and oxidants for various reactions, but no work could be found combining microwave heating, persulfate, and coated graphite rods for remediation of halogenated hydrocarbon treated soil. Therefore, this research focused on combining microwave energy combined with oxidants, potassium hydroxide and potassium persulfate, and, coated and uncoated, graphite rods to remove hexachlorobenzene (HCB) from treated soil samples. Materials and Methods  Soil collected from a local pond was dried, sieved, and cleaned by extraction with methylene chloride. Samples were spiked with hexachlorobenzene, then depending on experimental parameters, heated in a microwave oven, had an oxidant added, and had a coated or uncoated graphite rod added. The samples were then extracted with methylene chloride using a Soxhlet extraction setup. The methylene chloride volume was then reduced and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Additional analysis on the soil and rods was done with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results  The data show that heating alone remediated the soil, but the addition of graphite rods and oxidants enhanced the remediation amount. The oxidant alone removed 200% more HCB than just heating the sample. Using coated graphite rods caused the removal of 125% more than the uncoated graphite rod did. SEM and XRD data show no decomposition of the graphite rods. Discussion  Thermal and chemical effects are likely causes for the enhanced removal. The maximum particle size increased after heating due to vitrification. Conclusions  Although an initial study, this research shows that microwave heating and the addition of oxidants and coated or uncoated graphite rods removed HCB from the treated soil. The removal is due to thermal, microwave and graphite rods, and chemical, oxidants, effects. Recommendations and Perspectives  Hexachlorobenzene remediation of soil was enhanced by microwave heating, insertion of a coated or uncoated graphite rod, and addition of oxidants. Therefore, these procedures could provide a method for solving a widespread problem and returning once contaminated soil back to its natural environment. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)     

Physiological and biochemical effects of salicylic acid on Pisum sativum exposed to isoproturon

In the present study, attenuation of isoproturon (IPU) toxicity by salicylic acid (SA) was observed. Seven-day-old seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Azad P-1) were treated with 10 mM IPU. IPU influenced physiological and biochemical parameters. IPU significantly inhibited growth variables like shoot and root height, fresh and dry biomass of the pea. The contents of carotenoids, chlorophylls, protein and activity of nitrate reductase were inhibited significantly. IPU enhanced the accumulation of H₂O₂, ion leakage and lipid peroxidation due to induction of oxidative stress in pea. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase increased while the activities of guaiacol peroxidase decreased. However, exogenous SA regulated the toxic effects of IPU. The indices of oxidative stress appeared to be alleviated by SA. Pigment content and activities of enzymes increased approximately up to the level of control. IPU caused non-target phytotoxicity to P. sativum. The natural growth regulator/allelochemical has potential to overcome the adverse effects caused by IPU.

Abbreviations: CAT: catalase; EL: electrolyte leakage; IPU: isoproturon; LP: lipid peroxidation; MDA: malondialdehyde; NR: nitrate reductase; POD: guaiacol peroxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TCA: trichloroacetic acid     

机器手采摘苹果抓取损伤机理有限元分析及验证

为了减少机器人自动采摘过程中夹持器抓取苹果时的碰撞、挤压损伤,对抓取过程中苹果与不同指面类型夹持器手指接触时果实内部的应力变化进行研究。通过压缩试验后计算得到了苹果果皮、果肉和果核3个不同部分的力学参数,建立了单个苹果的3层实体力学模型。将苹果果皮、果肉和果核3部分弹性模量分别取多次试验的平均值,通过ANSYS软件建立了苹果所对应的有限元模型,模拟苹果与平面和弧面手指的接触过程,进而得到苹果果皮、果肉和果核3部分的节点Von Mises应力云图。结果显示,加载过程中,果皮处的应力最大,果肉处的应力次之,但由于果肉破坏应力较小,果肉最易受到损伤;同时,当加载力相同时,弧面手指比平面手指对苹果各部分的作用应力要小,苹果的形变也较小,当加载力分别为5、20、35、50 N时,平面手指对苹果所造成的形变量分别比弧面手指大6.7%、12.1%、12.4%、14.5%,因此,弧面手指对果皮内部造成机械损伤的概率相对较小。最后,利用自行研制的采摘机器人2弧面手指夹持器苹果实物抓取损伤试验验证了所研究方法的有效性。该研究结果可以实现苹果损伤的较准确预测和评估,并为采摘机器人末端夹持器减损结构优化设计提供了一定参考依据。     

甘蔗茎秆在光刃刀片切割下根茬破坏试验

甘蔗根茬破坏情况影响到宿根质量。该文在自制的单圆盘根切器试验台上采用光刃刀片，对影响根茬破坏的因素进行研究。试验结果表明：根茬破坏程度可分为无破损、轻微蔗皮破损、严重蔗皮破损、轻微劈裂、劈裂和爆裂等6个等级，将轻微劈裂、劈裂和爆裂定义为严重破损。在该文的试验条件下，轻微蔗皮破损和严重蔗皮破损是不可避免的。切割速度对根茬破坏影响最大，速度越高，根茬严重破损率越低。其次是根切器与甘蔗相对位置和前进速度对严重破损率的影响。最优的参数组合是：切割速度26.39 m/s，甘蔗处于上位，前进速度0.546 m/s。在该参数下严重破损率为0，严重蔗皮破损率为55%，轻微蔗皮破损率为20%，无破损率为25%。     

Reactivation of old landslides: lessons learned from a case-study in the Flemish Ardennes (Belgium)

The number of human‐induced landslides is increasing worldwide, but information on the impact of human intervention on slope stability is often lacking. Therefore, this study analyses the Hekkebrugstraat landslide, the best‐recorded landslide in the Flemish Ardennes (Belgium). Information obtained from local inhabitants, aerial photographs and newspaper articles enabled a 50‐year reconstruction of both the landslide history and the land‐use changes at or close to the landslide site. The reconstruction suggests that anthropogenic preliminary factors such as: (i) the absence of well‐maintained drainage ditches in the affected area; (ii) the elevation of the surface of the road, i.e. a sunken lane, in the affected area; (iii) increased surface runoff from the drainage area; (iv) the creation of ponds; and (v) the removal of the lateral support at the landslide foot have played an important role in the reactivation of the Hekkebrugstraat landslide. After the reactivation of February 1995, landslide movement was observed for more than 5 years and caused damage to houses, and other infrastructure. However, also natural factors, such as the presence of an impermeable clay layer at limited depth, springs and relatively steep slopes (i.e. 0.14 m m^?1), and above normal antecedent rainfall have contributed to the reactivations. Comparison of our reconstruction of the reactivation with precise Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) of 1952, 1973 and 1996, produced by digital stereophotogrammetry, indicated that the reported movements correspond well with the uplifted and collapsed zones found on the DTMs. Hence, this analysis provides valuable information for land‐use planners in areas with old, apparently stable, landslides.     

沙柳木蠹蛾幼虫危害特性及空间格局研究

沙柳木蠹蛾(Holcocerus arenicola)是危害沙柳的一种钻蛀性害虫,给沙柳的生长造成了严重的影响。为有效控制其危害,明确幼虫危害特性和空间格局,笔者利用生物统计学和地统计学方法,对沙柳木蠹蛾幼虫种群在沙柳上的危害特性和空间格局进行了系统研究。生物统计学结果表明:沙柳木蠹蛾主要以幼虫为害沙柳根部,单丛受害沙柳中,幼虫数量达5头以上的占91.2%,且存在不同龄幼虫危害同一丛沙柳的现象;幼虫在沙柳上的分布主要集中在地下根部10~40 cm以内,占78.57%;幼虫的种群密度与沙柳根径大小和分布有一定的关系。地统计学分析表明:幼虫空间分布为聚集分布,聚集点主要在样地的东北和西南,且从这2个区域向其他方向扩散。     

Review of Research on Damage of Corrod Reinforced Concrete

The research result shows that the corrosion of reinforcement is one of the dominating factor for decreasing the durability of reinforced concrete structures. In this paper, the significance of the research of corroded reinforced concrete is presented, and an attempt is made to integrate the latest development with regard to the mechanical behaviors of reinforcement corrosion, the damage of concrete due to corroded bars, bond relationship between corroded bars and concrete, as well as the load capacity of corroded reinforced concrete flexural member and compressive member and the seismic behavior of corroded reinforced concrete element. And the trend of its development in future is discussed as well.     

Environmental effects on genetic variation of chilling resistance in cucumber

Environmental effects on genetic variation for chilling resistance were studied in nine cultivars and breeding lines (referred to as cultigens hereafter) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Five experiments were carried out in controlled-environment chambers to measure the effects of growth temperature, photoperiod, duration of chilling, light level during chilling, and watering frequency on chilling resistance of seedlings at the cotyledon and first true leaf growth stages. Significant interactions were found between cultigen and all environmental factors studied except for the photoperiod and watering frequency. Cultigen rank was affected by growth temperature before chilling, chilling duration, and light level during chilling, but shifts in rank were not consistent. Genetic variation was largest when the plants were grown at 22/18 °C, most pronounced after a chilling duration of 5 to 9 hours and a light level during chilling of 270 μmol·m^-2·s^-1. Variation was larger at the first true leaf stage than at the cotyledon stage. Differences among cultigens in chilling damage were largest 5 days after chilling. Therefore, it seems that testing for genetic variation in chilling damage can be restricted to one set of environmental conditions. We recommend the following conditions for screening cucumber for genetic variation in chilling resistance: grow the plants at 22/18 °C, under a 9-hour photoperiod with a 3-hour night interruption, water them once daily, subject them at the first true leaf stage to a chilling treatment of 7 hours at 4°C at a light level of 270 μmol·^-2·s^-1, and evaluate damage 5 days after treatment. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.