First attempt to cultivate the carrageenan-producing seaweed Chondracanthus chamissoi (C. Agardh) Kützing (Rhodophyta; Gigartinales) in Northern Chile

Chondracanthus chamissoi is an important source of carrageenan in Chile. Presently, all the production is harvested from wild populations. This study reports the first attempt to cultivate C. chamissoi. Experiments were conducted with female gametophytic and sporophytic thalli by inserting them among braids of a 7 mm polypropylene rope. Inoculated ropes were placed at 1, 3 and 5 m depths in two sheltered bays in northern Chile. The fronds adapted well to cultivation and grew at all the depths tested, although the greatest increase in biomass was observed at 1 m depth. On a yearly cycle, higher biomass increases were observed in autumn and winter months compared with the spring and summer. We believe that by adapting the cultivation methodology, this species could be cultivated year round.     

Biological and technical evaluation of the potential of marine and anadromous fish species for cold-water mariculture

Concern about the overexploitation of wild aquatic resources, the slow recovery of the groundfish fisheries and the need to encourage the diversification of the mariculture industry of the province of Quebec (Canada) all provided strong incentive to explore the potential of a wide selection of marine and anadromous fish species for cold‐water mariculture. Starting from a list of over 45 indigenous fish species of potential commercial interest, a biotechnical review was initiated. Technical sheets for each species were produced and aquaculture‐based selection criteria covering three aquaculture approaches of development (complete life cycle, on‐growing and stock enhancement) were examined. Species were ranked according to their degree of suitability for the given biological parameters. The final classification analysis within the complete life cycle production strategy positioned the Atlantic wolffish as the top candidate species (91%) followed by the spotted wolffish and Arctic charr (87%). Growth rate, optimal growth temperature, duration of the weaning period, minimal lethal temperature, larval size and feed requirements were the determining criteria. The on‐growing scenario final results ranked Arctic charr first (84%) followed by Atlantic cod (79%) and Atlantic halibut (74%) mostly owing to their growth rate at low temperature and optimal growth temperature criteria. Stock enhancement programmes should concentrate their efforts on the striped bass (56%), the haddock (54%) and the Atlantic sturgeon (34%) based on their growth rate, fishery status, landing price and the availability of impact studies.     

大亚湾海水养殖箱、笼上附着的污损生物

1986～1987年对粤东大亚湾的网箱养殖场和马氏珠母贝养殖场网箱和珠贝壳上的污损生物进行研究。共记录 124种生物。优势种是粘附山海绵、总合草苔虫、独角裂孔苔虫、华美盘管虫、放射牡蛎、网纹藤壶、皱瘤海鞘和冠瘤海鞘等。全年都有生物污损。最严重的季节是3月至6月。网箱污损生物的月湿重为8.3—545.0g/m~2;季湿重 150.0—6250.5g/m~2。最大的月覆盖面积为73.4％;季覆盖面积94.9％。网笼受生物污损上半年比下半年严重,最高记录为 4506.2g/m~2。上半年珠贝壳上的污损生物多达50种,最大湿重为 16.5g/1个珠母贝。     

Drugs from the Sea -Opportunities and Obstacles

The supply problem with regard to drug development and sustainable production lies in the limited amounts of biomass of most marine invertebrates available from wild stocks. Thus, most pharmacologically active marine natural products can only be isolated in minute yields. Total synthesis of pharmacologically active natural products has been successfully established but is in many cases economically not feasible due to the complexity of the molecular structures and the low yields. To solve the pressing supply issue in marine drug discovery, other strategies appear to be more promising. One of these is mariculture which has successfully been established with the bryozoan Bugula neritina (the source of the bryostatins) and the tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata (the source of ET-743). Another strategy involves partial synthesis from precursors which are biotechnologically available. An example is ET-743 that can be partially synthesized from safracin B which is a metabolite of Pseudomonas fluorescens. There have been many examples of striking structural similarities between natural products obtained from marine invertebrates and those of microbial origin which suggests that microorganisms living in their invertebrate hosts could be the actual producers of these secondary metabolites. With regard to sustainable biotechnological production of pharmacologically important metabolites from marine invertebrates and their “endosymbionts”, a more advanced strategy is to focus on cloning and expression of the respective key biosynthetic gene clusters. This molecular biological approach will open up new avenues for biotechnological production of drugs or drug candidates from the sea.     

广西海水养殖业可持续发展思考

近年来海水养殖业发展迅猛,其在渔业经济中的地位日显突出,但随着社会经济的发展,养殖环境和条件也随之发生变化,出现了许多妨碍海水养殖业发展的新情况、新问题。文章就广西海水养殖业的发展状况与存在问题,从加强养殖环境整治和养殖容量研究、实施良种工程和科技兴渔战略、建设病害防治体系、严格规范养殖行为等方面,提出几点有针对性的对策。     

Evolution Through Innovation in Aquaculture: A Critical Review of the Greek Mariculture Industry

Marine aquaculture in Greece is a relatively new industry based on the culture of aquatic species such as the Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), and Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). In the early 1980s, the results of research and development were applied to develop pilot semiacademic commercial farms. Such farms were gradually moved to the industrial scale of today, producing some 80,00–120,000 tons of finfish and up to 25,000–35,000 tons of mussels annually. The problems encountered during the adaptation of innovation to the production and management of this blue revolution is critically discussed from the early developmental phases up to the present.     

Transaction costs in contract farming models for mussel and oyster farming in South Africa: Organisational and management implications

Abstract

This study examines transaction costs faced by small mussel and oyster growers to elicit the appropriate organisational design of contract institutions. The theoretical premise is that high transaction costs essentially constrain the participation of small growers in mussel and oyster mariculture. Transaction cost analysis is applied to contract farming models and this approach is first discussed conceptually. Experience with contract farming by small growers in a developing context is synthesised and used in guiding the design of contract farming models. This is followed by a brief overview of the mussel and oyster industries, which is used to gain insight into transaction costs associated with contract institutions. Contracting models and implications are assessed separately for each industry. For mussel mariculture, four farming models are examined and the appropriate model is subsequently selected. For oyster mariculture, the transaction costs of contract fanning are examined to assist in organisational design.     

桑沟湾春季营养盐分布特征及赤潮暴发诱因

根据2006年4月和2011年4月两个航次的调查数据,对比分析了桑沟湾水域春季水温、盐度及溶解无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(PO₄^3-)、活性硅酸盐(Si₃² -Si)含量的时空分布特征,探讨了目前大面积赤潮暴发的可能原因。结果显示,2011年的氮、磷、硅浓度都高于2006年同期调查结果,分别是2006年的5.6倍,1.3倍和3.2倍。氮磷比高达(66.33?47.16),硅磷比为(35.12?21.44),硅氮比为(0.82?0.77),严重偏离Redfield比值。块状分布明显,氮、磷、硅的空间分布情况相似,都是在湾口的东南部(褚岛外海)有高值区,向湾内递减;在湾底的西北部赤潮的始发区,有次高值区,与盐度的低值区几乎重叠。从营养盐、水文、大型藻类营养盐竞争与克生作用及水温4个方面,分析了赤潮暴发的可能原因。     

灰色GM（1,1）模型和Verhulst模型在青岛市海水养殖产量预测中的应用

灰色预测是建立从过去引申到将来的灰色预测模型（Grey Prediction Model）,从而确定所研究系统未来发展变化的趋势,为决策者提供科学依据。以青岛市1998-2007年海水养殖产量统计数据为基础,分别利用灰色GM（1,1）模型和Verhulst模型对该市传统海水养殖产量变化作预测。预测结果表明,GM（1,1）模型和Verhulst模型都显示了青岛市海水养殖产量在未来5年呈逐年递增的趋势。但通过对GM（1,1）模型和Verhulst模型的模拟精度验证和模拟预测结果的比较,发现灰色Verhulst模型预测精度较高,Verhulst模型更适合对该市未来几年的海水养殖产量进行预测。该研究结果可为青岛市合理保护和利用海水养殖资源、制定海水养殖规划提供参考依据。     

我国海水养殖产量与相关影响因子的灰色关联度分析

本文采用灰色关联分析方法对十年间海水养殖产量与13个相关因子的关联度进行评价,计算每个因子与海水养殖产量的灰色关联系数和灰色关联度,建立两两比较判断矩阵确定各因素对海水养殖产量的影响度。分析结果表明海水养殖产量的主控因子为：海水加工产品数量、水产品加工产值、海水养殖产值、水产苗种产值、渔民人均纯收入和海水养殖面积,影响度分别为：18.10%、16.69%、13.74%、13.65%、8.96%和8.67%,总影响度达79.81%。该结果能够较客观地反映影响我国海水养殖产量的主要因子,可将其作为制定海水养殖可持续发展政策和建议的依据。