Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries to Manage Areas for Farming Coral Reef Fish and Invertebrates for the Aquarium Trade

Reef fish, corals, and other marine invertebrate species associated with coral reefs need to be managed in a sustainable manner to halt destructive fishing in the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries. As part of the Coastal Communities Empowerment Project, the International Marinelife Alliance (IMA) plans to implement Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries (TURFs) to help manage municipal waters; while creating alternative livelihoods for small-scale fishermen and their families. Changes to the Local Government Code allow Philippine municipal councils to regulate fishing and mariculture in waters within 15km from shore. The councils can lease TURFs to local fisherfolk and prevent their use by those outside the community. The IMA plans to help create several types of TURFs. These include TURFs used by aquarium-fish collectors, for rearing giant clams, and for farming live rock and coral fragments. The TURFs are part of a larger strategy to conserve marine biodiversity, protect and restore marine habitats, and promote sustainable use of marine resources by local people. Fish and invertebrates harvested from the TURFs will be used in programs to restore marine habitats and to generate income from exports that supply the aquarium trade.     

Microbiological controls across the productive cycle of Dicentrarchus labrax L. and Sparus aurata L.: a study from the environment to the final product

The microbiological quality of water, sediments and seafood products of three Sicilian marine fish farms (Castellammare Gulf, Capo d'Orlando and Porto Palo) was investigated in order to draw a complete picture of the health conditions from the start (environment) to the end (seafood product) of the productive cycle. Before the beginning of fish farming, low concentrations of faecal contamination indicators (faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci) were found in the water of each examined area. Due to the enhanced organic load released from cages, the set‐up of fish farming significantly altered the distribution of faecal indicators and sometimes that of halophilic vibrios in the pelagic compartment. Significant differences in the density of heterotrophic bacteria were sometimes recorded at the sediment level. Despite this increase in microbial abundance, the microbiological conditions remained acceptable for the productive process. Pathogens (Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus) were mostly absent in seafood products. The study underlines that the achievement of good quality levels in aquaculture strongly depends on the conformity of the rearing environment to qualitative microbiological standards, highlighting the importance of sanitary controls along the different steps of the productive cycle.     

Ammonia toxicity and its effect on the growth of the South African abalone Haliotis midae Linnaeus

The current study investigated acute toxicity to ammonia of the South African abalone, Haliotis midae, from three size classes relevant to mariculture operations, and the chronic impact of sub-lethal ammonia levels on growth of juvenile abalone.Results showed that tolerance to ammonia (at pH 7.8 and T_a = 15 °C) increases with body size (i.e. age) as indicated by 36 h LC₅₀ values: juvenile abalone (1-2.5 cm shell length) had the lowest LC₅₀ of 9.8 μg l^− 1 FAN, whereas LC₅₀ was 12.9 μg l^− 1 FAN in “cocktail”-size abalone (5-8 cm shell length). The highest LC₅₀ of 16.4 μg l^− 1 FAN was observed in “brood stock”-size animals (10-15 cm). When “cocktail”-size abalone were allowed to acclimatize to sub-lethal ammonia levels for 48 h, their ammonia tolerance increased compared with non-acclimatized abalone of the same size: LC₅₀ was 2.0 μg l^− 1 FAN higher at 14.8 μg l^− 1 FAN.Growth of juvenile abalone (1-2.5 cm shell length) during chronic exposure to sub-lethal FAN levels is inhibited: specific growth rate (SGR) is significantly reduced by 58.7% to 0.10 ± 0.03% d^− 1 (weight) compared with 0.24 ± 0.06% d^− 1 of abalone of a control group (no ammonia).The results demonstrate the negative effects of ammonia not only on survival but also on growth of farmed abalone, both impair profitability of the farming operation. The information from the present study will be helpful in determining water quality requirements in South African abalone farms.     

养殖技术对山东省海水养殖渔业可持续发展的作用

根据山东省1978-1999年间海水养殖面积、产量和单产统计资料，解析了海水养殖业发展过程中，养殖产量受养殖面积增加和养殖单产水平变化的影响程度，研究表明：（1）近20斫来，山东省海水养殖单产提高幅度很小，对海水养殖产量增长的贡献率较低；（2）养殖面积保持较高的增长率，尤其是90年代中期以后，养殖面积的快速增长与养殖单产的急剧下降形成鲜明对比，外延性扩大再生产比例过高，内涵性扩大再生产比例过低是过去20年山东省海水养殖业发展的主要特征，可以认为不断提高养殖技术是实现山东省海水养殖业可持续发展的关键所在。     

Examination of marine-based cultivation of three demosponges for acquiring bioactive marine natural products

Marine sponges are an extremely rich and important source of natural products. Mariculture is one solution to the so-called "supply problem" that often hampers further studies and development of novel compounds from sponges. We report the extended culture (767 days) at sea in depths of 10 and 20 m of three sponge species: Negombata magnifica, Amphimedon chloros and Theonella swinhoei that produce latrunculin-B, halitoxin and swinholide-A, respectively. Since sponge-associated microorganisms may be the true producers of many of the natural products found in sponges and also be linked to the health of the sponges, we examined the stability of the bacterial communities in cultured versus wild sponges. Growth rate of the sponges (ranging from 308 to 61 and -19 (%)(year(-1)) in N. magnifica, A. chloros and T. swinhoei, respectively) differed significantly between species but not between the two depths at which the species were cultivated. Survivorship varied from 96% to 57%. During culture all species maintained the content of the desired natural product. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the sponge-associated bacterial consortia revealed that differences existed between cultured and wild sponges in T. swinhoei and A. chloros but the communities remained quite stable in N. magnifica. The cultivation technique for production of natural products was found to be most appropriate for N. magnifica, while for T. swinhoei and A. chloros it was less successful, because of poorer growth and survival rates and shifts in their bacterial consortia.     

我国海水养殖业生产风险的评估与分区

基于参数分布拟合法，从不同的层面对我国海水养殖主产区的生产风险进行测度，并利用系统聚类法，从单产期望损失的角度进行风险分区。结果表明，我国海水养殖总生产风险集中在减产5%~15%的区间，但就细分的养殖品种而言，重大减产(>25%)仍有可能发生。海水养殖单产波动分布呈现出宽平、尖峰、左偏、厚尾等不同形态。不同海水养殖品种的生产风险具有显著差异，减产风险从大到小依次为:鱼类>甲壳类>藻类>贝类。海南省属于单产期望损失的高风险区，而福建、山东和广西壮族自治区(省)属于低风险区。据此，建议通过调整品种结构、改善养殖技术和管理水平以及发展海水养殖保险来应对海水养殖业的生产风险。     

三都澳大型底栖动物次级生产力

为了解中国海沿岸典型密集养殖区——三都澳水域大型底栖动物次级生产力水平和时空分布特点,于2009年5月至2010年2月共9个航次在三都澳20个观测站采集底栖动物定量样品,利用Brey经验公式对大型底栖动物次级生产力和P/B值进行研究计算。结果表明,该海域大型底栖动物年平均栖息密度为121.52 ind.m-2,年平均生物量[以去灰干重(AFDW)计]为1.26 g(AFDW).m-2,年平均次级生产力为1.67 g(AFDW).m-2.a-1,P/B值为1.42。三都澳大型底栖动物次级生产力空间分布呈现出湾口区较高、湾内部高值区镶嵌分布的特征。相关分析表明,不同环境因子间,次级生产力与水深之间相关性较强,其次为底层溶解氧,与表层水体温度之间相关性最差。同我国其它近海港湾相关研究结果比较显示,三都澳密集养殖区大型底栖动物年平均生物量和次级生产力水平较低,但年平均栖息密度较高。这些特征应和三都澳水域内密集水产养殖活动关系密切。     

大黄鱼网箱养殖水体的细菌群落结构

以16S rDNA为分子标记, 通过构建克隆文库、限制性片段长度多态性(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP)分析等技术手段, 研究大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)网箱养殖水体中细菌的群落结构。样品采自福建省宁德市三都湾富发养殖基地。随机选取5个不同养殖网箱水样混合, 取3 L混合水样过滤富集细菌后提取总DNA, 用细菌通用引物27F和1 492R扩增其16S rRNA基因, 构建克隆文库。从文库中随机挑选154个克隆子进行分析, 得到137个阳性克隆, 92种RFLP带型。对部分代表性克隆子进行测序的结果表明, 大黄鱼养殖水体中细菌多样性非常丰富。序列分析结果显示, γ-变形菌纲的假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)细菌为最优势菌(占γ-变形菌纲克隆子数的31.2%), 海源菌属(Idiomarina)次之(占γ-变形菌纲克隆子数的15.1%)。此外还存在6.6%的厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、5.9%的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、各0.7%的浮霉状菌门(Planctomycetes)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)、绿菌门(Chlorobi)细菌和OP11类群。本研究结果阐明了网箱养殖大黄鱼水体细菌的群落结构, 为大黄鱼养殖区病害防治、环境监测以及探讨大黄鱼健康养殖与养殖水体细菌间的关系奠定了基础。     

The effect of free ammonia nitrogen,pH and supplementation with oxygen on the growth of South African abalone,Haliotis midae L. in an abalone serial‐use raceway with three passes

The farming of abalone, Haliotis midae L., can be intensified in serial‐pass systems, but water re‐use increases the concentration of NH₃ (free ammonia nitrogen, FAN) and reduces water pH. Changing the percentage dietary protein from 33% to 26% reduced the concentration of FAN (F_{42, 252} = 2.79; P < 0.0001) in a serial‐pass system and did not reduce weight gain (F_{1, 12} = 1.09; P = 0.31) or length gain (F_{1, 12} = 1.08; P = 0.31). Low water pH was the most important variable to contribute to a reduction in abalone growth (weight gain: F_{1, 19} = 64.5; P < 0.0001; r² = 0.76; length gain: F_{1, 19} = 41.9; P < 0.0001; r² = 0.67). In addition, supplemental oxygen (103% saturation) improved length gain (t = 3.45, P = 0.026) in abalone exposed to an average FAN concentration of 2.43 ± 1.1 μg L^?1) and an average pH value of 7.6 ± 0.13, relative to a treatment with no oxygen supplementation. Thus, in an abalone serial‐use raceway with three passes, FAN was not the first growth‐limiting variable. It is suggested that future studies should examine the major causes of reduced water pH in serial‐use systems and their effect on the growth and health of H. midae.     

气提式增氧曝气装置在海水养殖池中的性能测定

为了考察气提式曝气增氧装置在海水养殖水池内的性能表现和溶氧扩散分布规律,自行设计了一种气提式曝气除沫装置,并安装于海水养殖生产车间水池内运行,通过定时定点取样测定池水中的溶解氧浓度,分析该装置运行时养殖池内溶解氧的分布状态,进而确定该装置增氧的性能指标。结果表明:安装自行设计的气提式曝气除沫装置后,通过实际测试,氧转移系数(K_(La(20)))为0.77h~(-1),氧转移效率(E_A)为5.20%,曝气动力效率(E_p,以O_2计)最高可达4.33 kg/(kW·h);经测定,在养殖水池内各个取样点溶解氧分布均匀,溶解氧浓度同步增加。研究表明,本研究中设计的曝气装置及其布置形式因省去动力循环能耗,曝气动力效率显著提高。