三都澳大型底栖动物群落结构及其对水产养殖的响应

三都澳是中国沿海典型海水养殖海湾。本研究依据2009年5月至2010年2月共9个航次采样结果,分析该海域大型底栖动物群落结构特点及其对养殖活动的响应。结果显示,三都澳大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均值为2.40,变化范围为1.45～3.22;Margalef物种丰富度指数均值为1.68,变化范围为0.99～2.41;Pielou物种均匀度指数均值为0.88,变化范围为0.76～0.94。多样性指数和丰富度指数空间分布规律明显,湾口区站位、海带养殖区和对照站位数值较高,网箱养殖站点数值较低。均匀度指数未有明显空间分布差异。多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数都未见明显时间分布规律。在养殖高峰季节,以30%的相似性程度划分,三都澳水域大型底栖动物可被划分为5个群落。站位间相似性指数总体较低,但位置较为接近的或养殖方式相同的站位间群落结构较为相似。ABC曲线分析显示,2月和11月大型底栖动物生物量曲线位于丰度曲线之上,表明群落结构未受到显著干扰;5月和8月生物量曲线与丰度曲线相互交叉或非常接近,说明此期间群落结构受到一定干扰。相关性分析表明,水体溶解氧、沉积物硫化物含量以及氧化还原电位这3个环境因子与三都澳水域大型底栖动物群落结构相关性较强(P<0.01)。     

白色维尼纶和褐色棕绳培育海带夏苗的效果分析

山东和福建作为两个海带养殖大省,生产了我国81%以上的海带。尽管同是采用海带夏苗工艺,但是经过几十年的生产实践,这两个省发展和使用的生产工艺在种菜蓄养、种菜数量、采苗方法、附着基以及育苗时间上存在着很多差异。其中最为显著的不同是福建所有的育苗企业都使用白色的维尼纶苗绳（简称白绳）,而山东的企业则使用棕绳。为检验这两种苗绳附苗和育苗的实际效果,在实验室进行了培育比较试验。结果表明：在同样的培养周期和环境条件下培养45 d,棕绳上孢子体数量逐渐减少,并且孢子体大小仅为白绳孢子体大小的50%。同时,考虑到苗绳材料来源的丰富程度、前期处理简易程度、经济成本以及实际育苗效果,建议我国北方地区应当全面采用白绳作为海带附着基。     

Settlement of juveniles of pearl oyster (Pinctada imbricata) on artificial collectors in Caraguatatuba,Sao Paulo,Brazil

In Southeastern Brazil, there is good cultivation potential for the pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata, which is often found on mussel ropes or seed collectors across the north coast of Sao Paulo State. Despite this, very few studies have focused on the biology of this species in Brazil. This research aimed to partially address this lack of information by evaluating the optimal season and preferred depth range (surface, first and second metres of depth) for the settlement of juvenile P. imbricata on artificial collectors. Two replicate artificial collectors made from braided fishing nets and comprising of horizontally and vertically suspended lines were deployed at Cocanha Beach, Brazil, and left in situ for a period of 5 months. At the end of the deployment period, the density of juveniles was significantly greater on the surface than the first and second metres of depth. It was also found that the period from November to March was more favourable for the placement of collectors and settlement of juveniles. Furthermore the results of the study confirm that is feasible to capture juvenile P. imbricata using artificial collectors to provide a continuous supply of commercial cultures.     

甘蔗渣载体填料在海水曝气生物滤池中的应用

为研究甘蔗渣作为载体填料用于海水曝气生物滤池中的可行性,在海水曝气生物滤池中培养生物膜,并以此为基础构建海水养殖排放水处理系统。通过监测水体总氨氮(TAN)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)等水质指标浓度变化,水体游离细菌与载体附着细菌密度变化,评价甘蔗渣载体生物滤池的降解效果。结果显示,以甘蔗渣为载体的生物滤池挂膜所需时间为26 d,挂膜完成后甘蔗渣附着可培养总菌和芽孢杆菌密度分别为3×108cfu/g和7.8×107cfu/g。在处理养殖水体时,生物滤池中水体氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度分别控制在0.2 mg/L和0.05 mg/L以下,同时,水体中芽孢杆菌数量由3.3×103cfu/L增加至7×104cfu/L,弧菌数量由4.9×103cfu/L下降至3.1×101cfu/L。研究表明,以甘蔗渣为载体的海水曝气生物滤池能快速有效地完成挂膜,并在海水养殖排放水处理中取得较好效果。     

三沙湾盐田港海水养殖海域海-气界面CO2交换通量的时空变化

根据2012年11月和2013年2、5、8月对福建三沙湾盐田港养殖海域进行4个季节调查获得的pH、总碱度(TA)、表层水温、盐度、溶氧和溶解无机碳(DIC)以及叶绿素a等基础数据,估算该区域表层海水溶解无机碳体系各分量的浓度、pCO2和海-气界面CO2交换通量,并对影响因素进行分析.结果表明,盐田港表层海水4个季节的DIC、HCO3、CO32--和CO2浓度分别为955～1 957.08、905.08 ～1 848.13、10.14～124.78和11.48 ～ 39.78 μmol/L,不同季节之间差异极显著(P＜0.01).盐田港表层海水中的pCO2在一年中的变化范围为391.27 ～1 200.49 μatm,海-气界面CO2交换通量全年的范围为0.25 ～ 6.93 μmo1/(m2·d),表现为大气CO2的弱源.盐田港海-气界面CO2交换通量不同季节的差异极显著(P＜0.01),在不同站位之间的差异显著(P＜0.05).秋、春季的碳通量最高,夏季碳通量最低,冬季显著低于秋季,但与春季差异不显著.分析表明,水文要素和生物要素等是影响盐田港表层海水中pCO2和海-气界面CO2交换通量的重要生态因子,其中,大型海藻的栽培活动有利于该养殖海域对大气CO2的吸收.     

浸没式膜生物反应器协同活性炭处理海产养殖废水效果

该文结合海产养殖废水的盐度效应特点,开展了浸没式膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)协同粉末活性炭(powder activated carbon,PAC)处理含盐废水的试验。考察了投加PAC对于MBR污染物去除性能及膜污染的影响;盐度变化过程中(0~35 g/L)MBR对化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、氨氮(ammonia nitrogen,NH_4~+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(nitrite nitrogen,NO_2-N)处理效果;以及含盐废水长期作用下微生物性能、膜通量、絮体粒径的变化情况。重点分析0~5 g/L的盐度变化,本体溶液中的溶解性有机物(soluble microbile products,SMP)和污泥絮体中胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)组成及含量的变化情况。结果表明:MBR-PAC对COD的去除效率比MBR高7.3%,对NH_4~+-N、NO_2-N去除的稳定性优于MBR;两工艺条件下膜通量随盐度变化呈现类似的趋势,即敏感期衰减,稳定期得到一定程度的恢复。养殖废水长期作用下,MBR-PAC膜通量是MBR的1.5倍,MBR-PAC的污泥粒径相对于MBR增加了52μm。盐度变化过程中,PAC由于其吸附性能及絮凝能力,能吸附本体溶液中的溶解性微生物代谢产物,相对于MBR,蛋白质的含量减少了34.0%。MBR-PAC适用于海产养殖废水的处理。     

中国海水网箱的产业发展现状与未来发展方向

海水网箱养殖是水产养殖中一种重要模式。在当前海洋渔业资源日益衰退的形势下,海水网箱养殖成为中国水产养殖绿色可持续发展必然选择的方向之一。海水网箱的发展体现了中国在海水网箱高科技的集成,也代表着中国海水网箱养殖技术的逐步成熟。文章概述了中国普通网箱、深水网箱和深远海网箱的发展现状,着重介绍了以浮式网箱为代表的3种深水网箱,以及以“深蓝1号”全潜式深远海渔场为代表的3种深远海网箱的研究现状,并且提出建议:为符合中国水产养殖绿色发展的要求,海水网箱未来应沿着离岸拓展化、大型升级化、智能自动化和规模集约化的方向发展。     

An improved prioritization framework for selecting new finfish mariculture candidates for research and development in Indonesia

Aquaculture, particularly marine‐based production, is one of the fastest growing industries in Indonesia. Indonesia's competitiveness in the trade of aquaculture products is constrained by a lack of research and development (R&D) of new aquaculture species candidates. Mariculture has the greatest potential due to Indonesia's vast marine resources and archipelagic geography. Although there are over 3,000 species of marine fish in Indonesia, only 14 species have been widely cultured, largely finfish. Production is dominated by shrimp, groupers and milkfish. Traditionally, candidate species for mariculture in Indonesia and elsewhere have often been selected on their market value before their biological suitability for culture has been established leading to partially successful R&D efforts or even failure. The present study developed a framework for selecting marine fish species to support mariculture R&D in Indonesia based on an improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The approach combined various quantitative and qualitative data and involved different R&D stakeholder groups in the selection process. Ten species that had not been previously researched for their aquaculture potential were identified. The modified approach addressed the interaction complexity of criteria and different preferences across the stakeholders. The involvement of different stakeholders in the selection process not only ensured acceptance of the selected species for further research, but also tested the validity and consistency of the method used in this study. The methodology has relevance for mariculture globally given that efficient candidate selection can help focus efforts and investment in mariculture R&D.     

海水养殖废水中氨氮测定方法的影响因素及改进研究

采用酒石酸钾钠溶液-氢氧化钠溶液作为屏蔽剂排除海水中钙、镁离子对测定的干扰,将纳氏试剂比色法用于对海水养殖废水中氨氮的测定,最佳测定条件为200 g/L的氢氧化钠溶液用量2.5 mL,纳氏试剂1.5 mL,显色时间25 min.该方法对盐度为10～32的海水可以直接测定,氨氮质量浓度在0.01～0.04 mg/L符合比尔定律,检出限为0.01 mg/L,加标回收率在91%～108%.     

Impact of polychaete infauna on enzymatic protein degradation in marine sediments affected by intensive milkfish farming

Marine sediments at intensive fish farming sites in Bolinao‐Anda, northwestern Philippines, are characterized by strong oxygen depletion and the widespread predominance of sulphidic conditions precluding macrobenthic infauna. In less affected areas, however, small macrobenthos (Spionide polychaetes) was present. Experimental sediment mesocosms containing burrowing polychaetes were set up to investigate the possible links between macrofaunal bioturbation of the sediment and its proteolytic capacity to recycle protein‐rich fish farming waste. Relative to polychaete‐free sediment, the addition of small Spionide polychaetes had no significant effect on the proteolytic capacity but caused an increase in the redox potential. On the other hand, the addition of large Eunicide polychaetes caused an increase in both the proteolytic capacity and the redox potential. The deposition of commercial fish feed particles increased the proteolytic activities but decreased the redox potential particularly at a higher deposition rate (250 g m^?2 day^?1). Accumulation of hydrogen sulphide increased at deposition rates above 83 g m^?2 day^?1 and limited the survival of large polychaetes.