A review of soil NO transformation: Associated processes and possible physiological significance on organisms

NO emissions from soils and ecosystems are of outstanding importance for atmospheric chemistry. Here we review the current knowledge on processes involved in the formation and consumption of NO in soils, the importance of NO for the physiological functioning of different organisms, and for inter- and intra-species signaling and competition, e.g. in the rooting zone between microbes and plants. We also show that prokaryotes and eukaryotes are able to produce NO by multiple pathways and that unspecific enzymo-oxidative mechanisms of NO production are likely to occur in soils. Nitric oxide production in soils is not only linked to NO production by nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms, but also linked to extracellular enzymes from a wide range of microorganisms.Further investigations are needed to clarify molecular mechanisms of NO production and consumption, its controlling factors, and the significance of NO as a regulator for microbial, animal and plant processes. Such process understanding is required to elucidate the importance of soils as sources (and sinks) for atmospheric NO.     

家畜养殖生产的环境效应研究——基于浙江省67个县市的农业经济截面数据

利用浙江省67个县市的农业经济截面数据,以环境负荷量为因变量,以肉产量和耕地面积为自变量构建模型,对家畜养殖生产的环境效应进行研究。结果表明,2013年绍兴市区、衢州市区、龙游县和江山县的环境负荷量超过警戒值,金华市区、德清县和淳安县的环境负荷量超过适宜值;家畜养殖生产存在着环境负效应,并受到耕地资源的约束,其环境负荷量与肉产量正相关,与耕地面积负相关。     

Comparing mating designs to restore seed production of interspecific hybrids between Trifolium repens (white clover) and Trifolium uniflorum

Interspecific hybrids between Trifolium uniflorum and cultivated white clover (Trifolium repens) have highly useful characteristics for temperate pastoral systems derived from both parent species. However, the early hybrids (F₁ and BC₁) also have unacceptably poor seed production for commerce. This study analysed the basis for the poor seed production and investigated breeding strategies for overcoming the problem. The BC₁F₁ generation produced lower‐than‐expected numbers of heads per plant and seeds per floret. Backcrossing of selected hybrids to white clover corrected these deficiencies and created new variation. Seed numbers were also returned to near target levels by recurrent selection within the BC₁ generation. Thus, it was possible to retain a theoretical average of 25% of T. uniflorum genome and still achieve high seed production per plant. The BC₁F₂ and BC₂F₁ generations produced high seed numbers per plant, along with reasonable variation. Both of these second‐generation hybrid forms have high reproductive potential and should be the focus for the selection of the desired combinations of agronomic and seed production traits.     

湖南省粮食产量波动的影响因素分析及预测

旨在维护国家稳定,为预判粮食生产前景、提高粮食生产效率、保障粮食安全提供理论依据。利用湖南省统计数据,运用灰色关联分析法筛选关联性较强的影响因素,并建立GM(1,N)预测模型预测粮食产量。2008—2017年与湖南省粮食产量关联度最大的影响因素是粮食作物播种面积和农业机械总动力;科技因素是影响2008—2017年湖南省粮食产量的主要因素,其次是自然因素,社会因素;2018—2027年湖南省粮食产量有较小波动,且农业机械总动力和财政农业支出影响较大;农业机械总动力在前后十年对粮食产量都有较重要的影响,越来越占据主导地位。粮食产量受国家政策的影响,受农业机械总动力影响最大,维持产量水平需高度重视农业机械化水平,稳步提高粮食作物播种面积。     

互联网订单模式与食用菌产业融合的可行性发展

系统阐述了互联网订单生产模式在我国食用菌产业中实施的可行性。首先从我国目前食用菌产业的低成本生产现状分析了订单生产的战略可行性;其次从食用菌产业的国际环境和互联网科技的发展方面分析了发展订单式生产的有利因素,提出了创新食用菌产业订单模式的一些建议。指出了巩固订单模式实践效果应注意的若干问题。对促进我国食用菌产业创新发展模式提供了借鉴。     

中国草种业标准现状分析

草种子不仅是草业与畜牧业的基石，还是生态文明建设以及城镇景观绿化的重要载体。我国虽是草地资源和草种子利用大国，但却是草种业弱国。标准化是推动草种业快速高质量发展的关键，历经30多年的不懈努力，我国的草种业标准化也取得了积极的进展，但是目前的草种业标准体系还处于混沌状态，缺乏系统的梳理。为了进一步加强和完善我国草种业标准体系构建，推动草种业高质量发展，本文尽可能详细地检索和筛选草种业的现行标准，从种质资源、生产加工、质量检验、包装、贮藏和运输，播种5个方面进行梳理。在此基础上分析了现行标准体系的薄弱之处，提出了需要更新以及尚需制定标准的建议，为草种业标准的制定者和应用者提供服务和便利，为草种业标准体系的完善提供参考。     

农业生产基地项目环境影响评价要点分析及探讨

农业生产基地项目具有影响范围大、产品服务多元化等特点，涉及行业类别较多，其环境影响评价文件也相对复杂。环境影响评价报告编制单位应充分与建设方进行沟通，熟悉项目建设内容，挖掘项目可能的产生污染的环节和设施，明确环境影响范围和环境敏感点，并对项目损益进行两方面的分析。     

Soil property differences among high‐ and average‐yielding soya bean areas in Arkansas,USA

Soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] yields >6719 kg/ha (100 bu/ac) have only recently and infrequently been achieved. Quantifying soil property differences between high‐ and average‐yielding areas can help to further identify non‐plant‐related properties contributing to soya bean yield potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of region and soil depth on soil property differences between high‐ and average‐yielding areas. In each of the seven regions of the ‘Grow for the Green’ yield contest in Arkansas, prior to or just after harvest in 2014 and 2015, soil samples were collected from the top 20 cm of one contest high‐yield (HY ) area that was in close proximity to an average‐yield (AY ) area. Across all regions and both years, soya bean yields differed (P  <  0.05) between yield areas, averaging 4701 and 5498 kg/ha in AY and HY areas, respectively. Averaged across soil depth and years, numerous soil properties differed (P  <  0.05) between HY and AY areas within at least one of seven regions. Total soil C content was at least 20.2% greater in the HY than in the AY area in three of seven regions. Extractable soil P content was, on average, 19.4 kg/ha greater in HY than in AY areas in three of the seven regions. Results from this study have the potential to help producers better understand soil properties that contribute to or hinder achieving ultra‐high (>6719 kg/ha) soya bean yields.     

橡胶树产胶生物学研究进展

天然橡胶（顺式-1,4-聚异戊二烯）是一种重要的工业原料,主要来自橡胶树。以天然橡胶的生物合成与产量形成为主要内容的产胶生物学研究为橡胶树高产遗传改良提供理论指导,近10年取得了重要进展。本文从橡胶树基因组测序、橡胶转移酶、转基因、以及转录组和蛋白质组等4个方面介绍产胶生物学研究主要进展,并讨论了相关领域研究存在的问题,对未来5~10年需重点关注的研究内容提出了建议。在介绍橡胶转移酶时,同时概述其他几种产胶植物的相关研究进展。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对我国粮食产业的影响分析

新型冠状病毒肺炎（以下简称“新冠肺炎”）疫情对我国粮食生产和人民生活造成了不同程度的影响。为推动粮食生产有序开展，保障粮食安全，分析了新冠肺炎疫情对我国粮食产业发展的影响。分析发现，疫情之下农业用工难、农资供应紧张、传统的技术下乡服务停滞、跨区耕作受阻，加之今年病虫害呈重发态势，国际形势也更加复杂多变，稳定粮食生产的压力和挑战加大。建议将粮食安全当成“头等大事”来抓，支持春耕生产和双季稻面积恢复，保障重要物资运输通道畅通，开展多形式农业科技服务，健全国内、国外两个市场预警机制，构建新型粮食生产支持体系，进一步保障我国粮食安全生产。