黄渤海蓝点马鲛繁殖群体渔业生物学特征研究

利用2016年4-5月、2017年4月在黄、渤海调查采集的350尾蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)繁殖群体的生物学数据,对该繁殖群体的生物学特征进行了分析研究。结果表明:该繁殖群体的叉长范围为406～1010 mm,体重范围为533～7245 g,年龄组成为1～10龄,其中1龄与2龄个体分别占总数的39.2%与33.7%。采用Von Bertalanffy生长方程表示其生长特性,生长参数分别为L_∞=1246.9mm,K=0.11;雌雄性比为1:1.49,3龄前雄性个体数占优势,3龄后雌性个体数占优势。蓝点马鲛的产卵期在4～6月,产卵盛期为4～5月;其绝对繁殖力范围为9.2～127.5万粒/尾,平均50.5万粒/尾;绝对繁殖力随着年龄、叉长的上升逐渐增大,7龄后出现衰退现象。蓝点马鲛的优势饵料生物为玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus)、细鳌虾(Leptochela gracilis)。与历史记录比较,蓝点马鲛低龄化、小型化现象更加突出,摄食结构改变,繁殖期提前,繁殖力水平有减小的趋势。     

注射LHRH-A2对刀鲚的催产效果及其雌鱼血液生化指标的影响

为了丰富刀鲚人工繁殖理论,探明LHRH-A2对刀鲚的催产效果及其雌鱼血液生化指标的影响,本研究以2冬龄人工养殖刀鲚为研究对象,通过注射LHRH-A2进行人工催产,并分析催产效果;同时应用放射性免疫、化学发光等方法,对人工催产过程中刀鲚雌鱼的血液生化指标进行了系统研究。结果显示,按照雌鱼30μg/kg、雄鱼减半的剂量注射LHRH-A2,刀鲚亲鱼死亡率为16.67%±3.34%;存活刀鲚亲鱼群体中,效应时间为21~24 h,催产率为83.33%±3.34%,受精率为75.06%±6.19%。注射催产素21 h内,血浆中17β-雌二醇(17β-estradiol,E2)、催乳素(prolactin)、甲状腺素(thyroxine,T4)、皮质醇(cortisol)、总蛋白(total protein,TP)、乳酸(lactate)在人工催产过程中表现出先上升后下降的规律;三碘甲腺原氨酸(three iodine thyroid,T3)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、Cl–呈现持续下降趋势;谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)、渗透压(osmotic pressure)、K+、Na+呈现持续上升的趋势。比较以上血浆指标在产卵组和未产卵组的实验结果,产卵组形成高皮质醇、TP、TG、渗透压、Na+、K+的血浆环境和低E2、催乳素、乳酸、T4、T3、Cl-、ALT、AST的血浆环境,而未产卵组的这些指标与产卵组相反。结果表明,人工催产过程对肝脏、肾脏等正常功能造成了影响,从而抑制催产素LHRH-A2对卵子的正向调控作用。本研究初步揭示了人工催产应激对刀鲚雌鱼成功排卵的影响机制,为进一步优化刀鲚的规模化人工繁殖提供科学依据。     

Efficacy of 17 α‐methyl testosterone and letrozole on sex reversal of protogynous grouper,Epinephelus tauvina (Forskal, 1775) and spawning performance of sex‐reversed males

This study aimed to test the efficacy of 17 α‐methyl testosterone (17 α‐MT) alone and in combination with letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, for the induction of sex reversal in protogynous greasy grouper, Epinephelus tauvina. Further, the long‐lasting effects of these treatments and spawning performance of sex‐reversed males were also investigated. Greasy grouper with oocytes in the perinucleolus stage were implanted with 5 mg 17 α‐MT kg^?1 body weight (T₁), 5 mg 17 α‐MT and 0.2 mg letrozole kg^?1 body weight (T₂) and 5 mg 17 α‐MT with 0.4 mg letrozole kg^?1 body weight (T₃) and no androgens/enzyme inhibitor implanted (C). The 17 α‐MT alone and in combination of letrozole‐induced sex reversal in greasy grouper, whereas untreated control fish (C) showed normal ovarian development. However, T₂ and T₃ group showed 100% sex reversal and completion of spermatogenesis up to functional male phase in 2 and 3 months, respectively, whereas T₁ group resulted in only 66.67% functional male with motile spermatozoa after 4 months. Sex‐reversed males successfully fertilized the eggs during induced spawning. There were significant differences on fertilization and hatching rates between T₂ group (79.00 ± 4.36%; 77.67 ± 2.87%, respectively) and T₁ group (57.67 ± 3.17%; 63.87 ± 2.91%, respectively). The result suggested that 17 α‐MT (5.0 mg kg^?1 BW) in combination with letrozole (0.2 mg kg^?1 BW) has the potential to produce 100% sex‐reversed male in short period in greasy grouper, which might greatly help in seed production of greasy grouper.     

Implications of using small meshed gillnets for the sustainability of fish populations: a theoretical exploration based on three case studies

The study explores the impacts of varying gillnet mesh size and fishing level on yield per recruit (Y/R), escapement spawning stock (ESS) and mega‐spawners (MS) of three widely distributed freshwater fishery target species. Y/R is maximised when the optimal length of capture (L_cap) is above the size of maturity (L₅₀). However, the unimodal shape of gillnet selectivity results in lower impacts to ESS and MS with both smaller and larger mesh sizes. Under conditions of moderate exploitation, the fraction of MS was significantly larger if small meshed gillnets were used. This is due to the relatively smaller cumulative vulnerability from small mesh sizes through time, as they target a smaller size range of fish, which also grow more quickly through the vulnerable window due to higher growth rates. Therefore, unlike trawls and beach seines, which select all size classes beyond the minimum length of capture (L_c), small meshed gillnets are not necessarily destructive and may rather promote sustained production by allowing a higher proportion of the spawning biomass to remain in the stock. The work also helps to explain the observation of sustained fish production in many developing countries despite the persistent use of gillnets of small mesh size that target small, under‐sized individuals.     

南海区驯养条石鲷亲鱼的初次性成熟和产卵

2008年4月初在广东省饶平县对2006年5月人工孵化和培育的2龄条石鲷（ Oplegnathus fasciatus）成熟亲鱼进行激素诱导,研究和观察条石鲷亲鱼初次性成熟的繁殖生物学。结果显示,在南海区全人工养殖的条石鲷亲鱼初次性成熟年龄为2龄,成熟亲鱼的最小型为全长245 mm、体质量610 g,最大个体为全长300 mm、体质量1450 g;产卵季节为4月10日~7月15日,产卵盛期为4月中旬至6月下旬;为升温产卵型鱼类,产卵温度为20.0~28.8℃,适宜的产卵温度为20.7~27.6℃;雌、雄亲鱼发育同步,个体大小和成熟年龄差别不大;雌鱼属于一年一次分批产卵类型,产卵期超过3个月;24尾初次性成熟雌性亲鱼的总产卵量为3180.0×104粒,日最高产卵量为341.5×104粒;其产卵量和受精卵质量与水温的变化关系密切,受精卵的浮卵率随温度的变化而变化,在水温相对衡定时,浮卵率相对稳定并维持在80%~95%的较高水平;受精卵平均卵径为（0.860±0.023）mm,油球径为（0.191±0.009）mm。     

Spatio‐temporal trends of sailfish,Istiophorus platypterus catch rates in relation to spawning ground and environmental factors in the equatorial and southwestern Atlantic Ocean

Spatial and temporal trends of sailfish catch rates in the southwestern and equatorial Atlantic Ocean in relation to environmental variables were investigated using generalized additive models and fishery‐dependent data. Two generalized additive models were fit: (i) ‘spatio‐temporal’, including only latitude, longitude, month, and year; and (ii) ‘oceanographic’, including sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll‐a concentration, wind velocity, bottom depth, and depth of mixed layer and year. The spatio‐temporal model explained more (average ~40%) of the variability in catch rates than the oceanographic model (average ~30%). Modeled catch rate predictions showed that sailfish tend to aggregate off the southeast coast of Brazil during the peak of the spawning season (November to February). Sailfish also seem to aggregate for feeding in two different areas, one located in the mid‐west Atlantic to the south of ~15°S and another area off the north coast of Brazil. The oceanographic model revealed that wind velocity and chlorophyll‐a concentration were the most important variables describing catch rate variability. The results presented herein may help to understand sailfish movements in the Atlantic Ocean and the relationship of these movements with environmental effects.     

Environmental threats and conservation implications for Atlantic salmon and brown trout during their critical freshwater phases of spawning,egg development and juvenile emergence

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and brown trout Salmo trutta fario L. are species of high socio-economic and ecological value. Declining populations make them target species of fisheries management. This paper reviews the direct effects of deficient longitudinal connectivity, changes in discharge, high water temperatures, oxygen depletion, changes in water chemistry and increasing loads of fine sediment on the critical life stages of spawning, egg incubation and emergence. It further provides an overview about the basic autecological requirements of Atlantic salmon and brown trout and summarises important thresholds of physico-chemical tolerances. This collection of information provides important baselines for assessing historical, ongoing and new threats relevant for the management of both species in fresh waters. Critical early-life stages of both species are almost identical, creating synergies in conservation and restoration. Seaward-migrating forms are exposed to further stressors, but improving starting conditions can also greatly improve their resilience.     

Changes in Sperm Production,Sperm Motility,and Composition of Seminal Fluid in Caspian Brown Trout,Salmo trutta caspius,Over the Course of a Spawning Season

This study was carried out to evaluate milt quality in male Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) over the course of the winter spawning season. Milt samples were collected biweekly during December and January. Chemical composition of seminal fluid, sperm production (milt volume, sperm density, spermatocrit,) and sperm motility characteristics (percentage and duration of motility) were measured. Milt volume, sperm density, osmolality, seminal minerals (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Cl^?), and total protein gradually decreased over the spawning season. Glucose and triglyceride content of milt did not show significant changes over the spawning season. Milt pH and the percentage and duration of motility were comparatively stable, declining only at the end of the season. Significant positive correlations were found between sperm density and seminal minerals, total protein and spermatocrit; percentage of motile spermatozoa and seminal minerals, total protein; and duration of motility and K⁺, Cl^?, total protein, and pH. Results show that season has a significant influence on milt quality in male Caspian brown trout, with the best milt being available at the beginning of spawning season.     

Efficacy of Vaccination Against Streptococcus iniae During Artificial Spawning of the Red-Tail Black Shark (Epalzeorhynchos bicolor,fam. Cyprinidae)

Artificial spawning may precipitate high mortalities of red-tail black shark (Epalzeorhynchos bicolor) broodstock from Streptococcus iniae infection. Two vaccine formulations (aluminum or oil adjuvant) were evaluated for effectiveness. Fish (mean weight 21.2 ± 5.7 g) were harvested, acclimatized, and vaccinated by intracoelomic injection. After 21 days, fish were moved to a biosecure laboratory and, one day later, simultaneously spawned and challenged by bath or by intracoelomic injection with S. iniae. Both formulations increased relative% survival (RPS) in unspawned (RPS [formulation]: 80 [aluminum]; 54 [oil]) and spawned fish (87–95 [aluminum]; 73–75 [oil]), suggesting that vaccination increases survival of red-tail black shark broodstock after spawning.