Freshwater conservation in a fragmented world: Dealing with barriers in a systematic planning framework

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Early life history connectivity of Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica) in the Ross Sea

A recent population hypothesis for Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica), a critical forage species, argued that interactions between life history and circulation associated with glacial trough systems drive circumpolar distributions over the continental shelf. In the Ross Sea, aggregations of eggs and larvae occur under fast ice in Terra Nova Bay, and the hypothesis predicted that dispersing larvae encounter outflow along the western side of Drygalski Trough. The outflow advects larvae towards the shelf‐break, and mixing with trough inflow facilitates return toward the inner shelf. To examine the hypothesis, we compared samples of P. antarctica collected near Coulman Island in the outflow, along Crary Bank in the inflow, and a third set taken over the rest of the Ross Sea. We ruled out misidentification using an innovative genetic validation. Silverfish larvae comprised 99.5% of the catch, and the highest population densities were found in Drygalski Trough. The results provided no evidence to reject the population hypothesis. Abundance indices, back‐calculated hatching dates, length distributions and growth were congruent with a unified early life history in the western Ross Sea, constrained by cryopelagic early stages in Terra Nova Bay. By contrast, a sample in the Bay of Whales revealed much smaller larvae, suggesting either a geographically separate population in the eastern Ross Sea, or westward connectivity with larvae spawned nearby by fish sourced from troughs upstream in the Amundsen Sea. These results illustrate how hypotheses that integrate population structure with life history can provide precise spatial predictions for subsequent testing.     

基于交互熵原理的水文分布参数估计研究

【目的】研究交互熵法进行水文分布参数估计的普适性。【方法】应用最小交互熵原理研究Gumbel分布参数估计,在此基础上应用蒙特卡洛试验检验交互熵法统计性能,然后结合矩法和线性矩法等传统参数估计方法,以陕西省关中地区周至、武功、蒲城、礼泉、白水、潼关6个水文站年降水序列为例,计算年降水量设计值并拟合实测值序列,利用累积相对偏差平方和评价理论年降水量频率曲线对实测值序列的拟合效果。【结果】蒙特卡洛试验检验表明,交互熵法所求设计值的有效性指标估计量标准偏差(SE)和均方根误差(RMSE)小于矩法和线性矩法,偏差指标控制在7%以内;交互熵法估计周至、武功、蒲城、礼泉、白水、潼关6个水文站的累积相对偏差平方和分别为0.000 017 68,0.000 065 62,0.000 019 66,0.000 063 00,0.000 014 12和0.000 016 61,线性矩法估计上述6站的累积相对偏差平方和分别为0.000 087 62,0.000 093 55,0.000 086 52,0.000 101 39,0.000 065 15和0.000 069 05,矩法估计上述6站的累积相对偏差平方和分别为0.000 108 74,0.000 125 40,0.000 092 41,0.000 127 65,0.000 085 49和0.000 093 57。由此可知,交互熵法不仅具有较好的有效性与合理的不偏性,而且与实测序列的拟合效果也明显优于传统方法。【结论】交互熵法是一种可行的水文分布参数估计方法,能有效提高Gumbel分布参数的估计精度。     

Spatial variability of water retention parameters and saturated hydraulic conductivity in a calcareous Inceptisols (Khuzestan province of Iran) under sugarcane cropping

The objective of this study was to quantify inherent spatial variability and spatial cross-correlation of the van Genuchten retention parameters and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) of surface and subsurface layers in a calcareous Inceptisols (Khuzestan province, Iran) under sugarcane cropping. Measurements were performed on 100-cm³ undisturbed soil cores collected at 94 locations along a 30-m-long transect with horizontal sampling distance intervals of 0.3 and 1 m at soil depths of 0–40 and 40–80 cm, respectively. Spatial variability was investigated using conventional statistics and geostatistical techniques. Coefficient of variation (CV) varied from 8.2% (for shape parameter, n at 40–80 cm depth) to 256.7% (for K_s at 0–40 cm depth). The n parameter and saturated water content, θ_s, showed a small-scale spatial heterogeneity with a maximum CV of 11.3% for the first depth and 9.2% for the second depth. Most of the hydraulic parameters at both depths showed a spatial structure and convex experimental semivariograms with dominant spherical models with the influence range of 3.2–41 m. In most cases, the extent of spatial correlation scales of cross-semivariograms for pairs of cross-correlated hydraulic variables was found to be different with reference to those relating to the direct semivariograms of correlated variables.     

Simulation of hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins: taking the Heihe Mainstream River as an example

The hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins are complicated.It is absolutely significant to quantify mountainous runoff for social,economic and ecological purposes.This paper takes the mountainous watershed of the Heihe Mainstream River as a study area to simulate the hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins by using the soil and water assessment tool(SWAT)model.SWAT simulation results show that both the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and the determination coefficient values of the calibration period(January 1995 to December 2002)and validation period(January 2002 to December 2009)are higher than 0.90,and the percent bias is controlled within±5%,indicating that the simulation results are satisfactory.According to the SWAT performance,we discussed the yearly and monthly variation trends of the mountainous runoff and the runoff components.The results show that from 1996 to 2009,an indistinctive rising trend was observed for the yearly mountainous runoff,which is mainly recharged by lateral flow,and followed by shallow groundwater runoff and surface runoff.The monthly variation demonstrates that the mountainous runoff decreases slightly from May to July,contrary to other months.The mountainous runoff is mainly recharged by shallow groundwater runoff in January,February,and from October to December,by surface runoff in March and April,and by lateral flow from May to September.     

黄土高原昕水河流域径流变化归因定量分析

近几十年来,黄土高原昕水河流域实测径流量减少显著,对区域生态环境及用水安全造成严重影响。采用水文模拟途径,还原了天然径流量系列,在此基础上,定量评估了气候要素和水土保持等人类活动对河川径流量的影响。结果表明,考虑融雪过程的水量平衡模型对昕水河流域径流量具有较好的模拟效果,率定期及检验期Nash-Sutcliffe确定性系数均在70%以上,模拟的相对误差也小于3%。径流量系列自1966年发生了较为明显的变化,1966—2010年流域径流量深较前期减少29.2 mm,其中,包括流域水土保持措施的人类活动对河川径流量变化的影响约站49.3%,气候要素变化的影响略微偏高,约占50.7%。因此,在未来流域治理及生态文明建设中,气候要素变化对流域水文水资源的影响必须引起足够的重视。     

三峡库区天然次生林凋落物森林水文效应研究

对三峡库区上游四面山4种天然次生林凋落物储量、分解强度及持水力进行了研究.结果表明,4种林分凋落物储量最大的是天然阔叶林(107.09 t/hm2),天然针阔混交林(70.18 t/hm2)和天然针叶林(66.65 t/hm2)次之,楠竹林(35.37 t/hm2)最小;凋落物最大持水量和持水力均呈现出天然针阔混交林(89.95 t/hm2,2.25)最大,天然阔叶林(67.33 t/hm2,1.89)次之,而天然针叶林(39.83 t/hm2,1.66)和楠竹林(28.07 t/hm2,1.85)较差的趋势.因此,从凋落物持水特征来分析,4种天然次生林中,天然针阔混交林的森林水文效应最好,其次是天然阔叶林,而楠竹林和天然针叶林均较差,不适宜在该区域内的水土保持植被建设中应用.     

Factors maintaining species diversity in satoyama, a traditional agricultural landscape of Japan

Satoyama is a traditional agricultural landscape in Japan. It contains many kinds of organisms, including endangered species. Satoyama is composed of several habitat types, including paddy fields, secondary forests, secondary grasslands, ponds, and streams. High species richness has been sustained in most habitats by anthropogenic disturbances of intermediate impact, mainly activities related to agriculture. The variety of habitats and connectivity among them have contributed to the high species diversity within satoyama. These factors allow organisms to move among habitats and use different habitat types to obtain different resources. The connectivity among habitats is often more vulnerable than the specific habitats themselves under anthropogenic influences. In satoyama, species that require connectivity among habitats (e.g., grey-faced buzzard [Butastur indicus] and Genji firefly [Luciola cruciata]) have tended to decrease. The grey-faced buzzard is categorized as a “vulnerable” species in the Japanese Red List. It usually nests in forest trees and forages in habitats such as paddy fields, grasslands, and forests. Its foraging locations shift seasonally depending on food availability. It is thought that the degradation of either paddy fields or forests in a landscape may result in the disappearance of this species. The Genji firefly spends its larval period in stream water, pupates underground along streams, and flies near streams after emergence. This species requires not only the integrity of streams and nearby areas, but also connectivity between these areas. The ecology of these species suggests that the variety of habitats and connectivity among them are critical factors for their survival.     

Ontogenetic niche shifts in the American Alligator establish functional connectivity between aquatic systems

Individual animals undergoing ontogenetic shifts in habitat use may establish a mobile link between discrete ecosystems via movement of energy, nutrients and matter, as well as through impacts on ecosystem and habitat structure. The American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is a model species for studying ecological implications of ontogenetic niche shifts, because they grow in size by several orders of magnitude, and they play a critical role as both top predators and ecosystem engineers. We used equal trapping effort, radio telemetry and nest surveys to document ontogenetic habitat shifts of alligators between hydrologically isolated, seasonal wetlands and riverine systems. To estimate the degree of functional connectivity between systems, we quantified alligator biomass and nutrient excretion in both systems. Seasonal wetlands provided nesting and nursery sites for adult females and juveniles, which constituted 0.78 g/m² biomass and excreted 0.05 g/m²/yr N, P, Ca, Mg, Na and K in that system. In contrast, the riverine system provided non-nesting habitat for adults and sub-adults of both sexes, totaling 0.18 g/m² biomass and excreting 0.01 g/m²/yr of nutrients. Furthermore, sub-adults and adult females were documented moving across the terrestrial matrix, while adult males spent the duration of the study in the creek. Our results demonstrated that ontogenetic niche shifts in alligators establish connectivity between seasonal wetlands and riverine systems and with the surrounding terrestrial matrix. These findings have implications for the definition of jurisdictional wetlands under the US Supreme Court’s 2001 SWANCC decision and highlight the importance of ecological, as well as hydrological, connectivity.     

岷江上游典型流域植被水文效应模拟

该文通过研究现有土地覆盖下水文分布的空间格局,及不同植被类型集水区内降雨与径流间的关系,来揭示森林生态系统与水文动态之间相互作用的机制,从而为岷江上游的生态环境评价和区域生态环境保护及恢复提供理论依据和科学指导.在前人研究的基础上,结合先进的地理信息系统和遥感技术,构建岷江流域植被水文模型.模型以水文子模块TOPMODEL为中心,由山地小气候模型MTCLIM和林冠截留模型为其提供水文学参数,研究中水文循环过程涉及植被截留、(实际)蒸散发、降雨入渗和土壤水分动态等.最后将模型应用于岷江上游典型支流——杂古脑流域,对其1995年7—9月的径流特征进行了模拟分析.结果显示,7—9月日径流量总体趋势表现为逐渐降低,径流量对降水响应敏感,基本反映了杂古脑流域雨季的径流变化特征.