我国农村扶贫的制度性陷阱与制度创新

本文在从博弈理论和农民的权利贫困角度,分析我国农村扶贫的制度性陷阱生成机理的基础上,提出了开展农村扶贫制度创新和构建"市场+政府+民主协商"准市场化农村扶贫资源配置机制等,打破我国农村扶贫的制度性陷阱和推进农村扶贫事业发展的对策及措施.     

Global marine yield halved as fishing intensity redoubles

There is widespread concern and debate about the state of global marine resources and the ecosystems supporting them, notably global fisheries, as catches now generally stagnate or decline. Many fisheries are not assessed by standard stock assessment methods including many in the world's most biodiverse areas. Though simpler methods using widely available catch data are available, these are often discounted largely because data on fishing effort that contributed to the changes in catches are mostly not considered. We analyse spatial and temporal patterns of global fishing effort and its relationship with catch to assess the status of the world's fisheries. The study reveals that fleets now fish all of the world's oceans and have increased in power by an average of 10‐fold (25‐fold for Asia) since the 1950s. Significantly, for the equivalent fishing power expended, landings from global fisheries are now half what they were a half‐century ago, indicating profound changes to supporting marine environments. This study provides another dimension to understand the global status of fisheries.     

MARINE FISH PRODUCTION AND MARKETING FOR A CHINESE FOOD MARKET: A TRANSACTION COST PERSPECTIVE

ABSTRACT

From a transaction cost perspective, this paper shows how the tradition of consuming marine fish by the majority of Hong Kong's Chinese citizens has shaped the means and modes of marketing seafood in Hong Kong. It is argued that consumer preferences stimulate aquaculture as a non-open access measure to bypass state fish marketing regulations. This has resulted in two outcomes. First, the transaction cost savings on metering output quantity and quality under private property have led not only to the collapse of the state monopoly on marine fish marketing, but also to the emergence of the (then new but) currently popular kind of Chinese seafood restaurant in Hong Kong. Second, consumer preferences for variety have shaped the form of coordination between the producer and the consumer. The advantage of market coordination has led to the emergence of a system of wholesaling and retailing rather than vertical integration. Issues concerning the emergence of Hong Kong as a regional live marine fish production and trading centre are discussed in terms of the contribution of local mariculture to sustainable development.     

数字图书馆建设中的知识产权问题探讨

就馆藏信息资源建设、数据库建设和网络信息传播中可能出现的知识产权问题,从技术、立法等方面就科学地解决数字图书馆知识产权的若干问题作了一些探讨。     

我国农民平等物质帮助权的法律缺失与制度建构

首先,从平等权、物质帮助权、农民平等物质帮助权逐层阐释了农民平等物质帮助权的相关理念。指出了农民获得平等物质帮助权的价值功能,它可以破除城市优先取向的偏袒性政策;是维护我国法律和制度权威的必要条件;是实现社会公平与和谐的必然选择。介绍了我国农民平等物质帮助权的法律缺失的现实状况,表现为法学界对农民平等物质帮助权的理论研究的缺失;现有程序性的农民平等物质帮助权法律制度的缺失;当前制定的农民平等物质帮助权法律实际有效性的缺失。指出制度建构是解决农民物质帮助权的法律缺失的契机,政府应促进经济发展,为农民物质帮助权制度建构提供物质基础;提高农民法律意识,锻造农民参与平等物质帮助权的能力;加强具体的程序性立法和公正司法,从实效上保障农民物质帮助权的实现。     

新生代农民工劳动权益及法律保护

阐述了新生代农民工劳动权益现状及其劳动权益被侵害的原因,并提出通过实现农民工＂公平流动＂、提高农民工综合素质、树立正确的政绩观、健全和完善有关劳动法律法规等途径保护新生代劳民工劳动权益。     

农地承包经营权收益权的缺失及完善对策

分析了农地承包经营权收益权缺失的主要表现,体现在现行立法在农地征收中未对农地承包经营权设立单独的补偿项目;在征地补偿中缺乏对农地承包经营权预期收益和间接收益损失的补偿;对流转权利的不合理限制妨碍了农地承包经营权流转收益的实现。提出了完善农地承包经营权收益权的对策：应当在农地征收中设立农地承包经营权单独补偿项目;在征收补偿中包括对农地承包经营权预期收益和间接收益损失的补偿;取消对农地承包经营权流转权利的不合理限制。     

我国设立土地发展权的可行性分析

运用对比分析法分析了国内外土地发展权的研究和实践情况,并论证了我国设立土地发展权的可行性。通过对法律规范和产权明晰、市场配置和政府调控、区域差异和文化因素等方面的具体研究,得出我国可以实行土地发展权,并且提出了相应的组织模式。     

经济快速发展地区集体建设用地流转中农民权益保障研究——以江苏省昆山市为例

在实地调研的基础上,对昆山试点集体建设用地流转的现状和问题进行分析,并探讨了流转农民权益保护的有效路径。研究结果表明,农民法制权利意识模糊,消极对待受损现状;农民知情权、决策权、参与监督权、收益权均未得到良好保障;富民合作社股份合作制是良好保障农民权益的形式,但对外缺乏宣传,侵害了农民的知情权。应当提高农民自身素质和参与能力,明确相关部门行政责任、规范合作社经营程序,完善合作社制度。     

基于深化改革目的的集体林权改革制度变迁类型研究

介绍了新一轮集体林权改革的发展背景,表明当前新一轮集体林权改革已进入全面和深化改革阶段,但由于未考虑到该区域自身需求及条件等方面的实际情况,出现了配套措施及相关政策运行效率低下、深化改革效果不明显的情况,应严格区分集体林权改革制度变迁类型与深化改革的关系。基于深化改革的目的,根据我国的林农或者林业团体组织所在区域的状态及其自身对制度的需求和该区域改革条件的状况,对集体林权改革制度变迁类型进行了严格划分,分为诱致性制度变迁、隐诱致性制度变迁和强制型制度变迁3种类型,将并强制性制度变迁细分为弱强制性制度变迁和纯强制性制度变迁。