底拖网回捕增殖对虾对经济幼鱼的损害

1984～1986年在山东南部沿海八大港湾同步增殖放流体长3cm以上的虾苗14.9116亿尾,累计回捕增殖对虾1.4亿尾,平均回捕率为9.4％,其中拖网回捕增殖对虾累计为1184.7t,但损害的七种经济幼鱼累计为4402t,应引起重视这一问题。     

Interannual variability of the ecosystem of the Kii Channel, the Inland Sea of Japan, as influenced by bottom intrusion of cold and nutrient-rich water from the Pacific Ocean, and a recent trend of warming and oligotrophication

Interannual variability of the ecosystem of the Kii Channel, productive shelf water on the Pacific side of south‐western Japan, was analysed based on physicochemical environmental variables and abundance of major zooplankton taxa collected monthly for 12 yr from 1987 to 1999. The Kii Channel experienced both short‐term (i.e. 3–4 yr) cyclical changes and a long‐term (i.e. decadal) environmental trend. The short‐term variability was primarily associated with year‐to‐year differences in intrusion of subsurface, cold nutrient‐rich water along the bottom of the Kii Channel from the Pacific Ocean. When this bottom intrusion was intense, the Kii Channel experienced a cold, new production‐dominated ecosystem. The bottom intrusion, however, has become less intense in recent years, because of the closer proximity of the Kuroshio flow axis to the Kii Channel. Hence, there was a consistent trend towards warming and a regenerated production‐dominated ecosystem. In accordance with such environmental changes, the zooplankton community shifted towards more oceanic conditions; major herbivorous calanoids (i.e. Calanus sinicus, Paracalanus parvus (s.l.), Clausocalanus spp. and Acartia omorii) decreased, while carnivores (i.e. hydromedusae and Sagitta spp.) increased. The amount of total fish catch also decreased, while the catch of subtropical species increased. These findings lead us to conclude that the bottom intrusion from the Pacific Ocean plays a key role in determining the biological production in the Kii Channel.     

Bottom soil quality in Tilapia ponds of different age in Thailand

Bottom soil samples were collected from 35 ponds in the vicinity of Samutprakarn, Thailand. Ponds ranged in age from 3 to 39 years and had been used continuously for production of tilapia. Liming materials had been applied in large amounts, and bottom soils of all ponds had pH above 7, low exchange acidity, and free carbonate. Pond soils often contained between 1% and 2% total sulphur, suggesting that they were potential acid–sulphate soils. However, acidity from sulphide oxidation was not expressed because carbonate in the soil neutralized it. Concentrations of total carbon seldom exceeded 4% and the average for organic carbon was 1.90%. The correlations between pond age and both total carbon and organic carbon concentration were weak (r=0.34 and 0.36 respectively). Concentrations of nitrogen in bottom soils did not differ with pond age and ranged from 0.1% to 0.3% with an average of 0.19%. The average ratio of concentrations of carbon and nitrogen was 11. Acid‐extractable phosphorus concentrations averaged 217 mg kg^?1, but the phosphorus adsorption capacity averaged 768 mg kg^?1 suggesting that soils still have considerable reserve capacity to adsorb phosphorus. Ponds can be used annually for semi‐intensive production of tilapia, and presumably other species, for many years without serious deterioration of bottom soil quality.     

对虾、青蟹、江篱混养试验研究

本试验研究改良了池塘水质环境,预防了疾病的发生和避免了虾蟹相残,使以虾为主的虾、蟹、藻混养试验池与对虾单养对照池的对虾成活率大体接近,实现亩均综合产量222.05kg,亩均产值6985.13元,亩均盈利2472.61元,是一种高产、优质、高效的多元化养殖模式。     

Loss of and damage to scallops due to storms in the Sea of Okhotsk

In the coastal zone of the Sea of Okhotsk off Hokkaido, Japan, the giant ezo scallop ( Patinopecten yessoensis ) is widely cultivated on the sea bed, making its fishery a major industry. However, the area experiences intense cyclones, including typhoons, about once a decade and the scallop resources appear to have received severe damage from the storms. Such an event occurred on 29 October 1988. The storm caused 12-m-high wind waves, which appeared to be fully developed sea waves. The water above the sea bed repeatedly moved back and forth at speeds of 1∼2 m s^-1 causing damage to the scallops due to collisions and rubbing with gravel and other scallops. From a comparison of wind data with the annual catch of scallops, intense cyclones seem to play an important role on the year-to-year fluctuations in the scallop fishery.     

Stocking density and artificial habitat influence stock structure and yield from intensive nursery systems for mud crabs Scylla serrata (Forsskål 1775)

Intensive nursery systems are designed to culture mud crab postlarvae through a critical phase in preparation for stocking into growout systems. This study investigated the influence of stocking density and provision of artificial habitat on the yield of a cage culture system. For each of three batches of postlarvae, survival, growth and claw loss were assessed after each of three nursery phases ending at crab instars C1/C2, C4/C5 and C7/C8. Survival through the first phase was highly variable among batches with a maximum survival of 80% from megalops to a mean crab instar of 1.5. Stocking density between 625 and 2300 m⁻² did not influence survival or growth in this first phase. Stocking densities tested in phases 2 and 3 were 62.5, 125 and 250 m⁻². At the end of phases 2 and 3, there were five instar stages present, representing a more than 20‐fold size disparity within the populations. Survival became increasingly density‐sensitive following the first phase, with higher densities resulting in significantly lower survival (phase 2: 63% vs. 79%; phase 3: 57% vs. 64%). The addition of artificial habitat in the form of pleated netting significantly improved survival at all densities. The mean instar attained by the end of phase 2 was significantly larger at a lower stocking density and without artificial habitat. No significant effect of density or habitat on harvest size was detected in phase 3. The highest incidence of claw loss was 36% but was reduced by lowering stocking densities and addition of habitat. For intensive commercial production, yield can be significantly increased by addition of a simple net structure but rapidly decreases the longer crablets remain in the nursery.     

发动机液压自由活塞下止点运动机理

为实现对单活塞液压自由活塞发动机工作频率的精确控制,掌握液压自由活塞下止点运动规律是基础,基于系统基本原理,研究了活塞下止点运动规律的数学模型。通过建立数学仿真模型和试验系统,研究了液压自由活塞在下止点的运动规律及其影响因素。结果表明,活塞下止点运动过程包括反向加速和正向减速过程,活塞到达下止点后的反弹距离主要由该过程决定,活塞下止点运动过程中的反向加速力来自泵腔和压缩腔压力。系统压缩腔压力变化规律可控是工作频率精确控制的基础,压力变化规律控制要考虑活塞运动状态和单向阀的阀芯动作规律的影响。     

赤泥基质改良及种植植物的筛选研究

采用四因素三水平正交改良方案对盐分含量较高的赤泥基质进行了改良研究和植物种植试验。结果表明:4种改良剂均能降低土壤的pH值,其中磷石膏对赤泥基质的pH影响最大;赤泥基质的持水率则主要受膨润土的影响,膨润土对赤泥基质的盐分具有一定的吸附或交换作用,添加量为20%时,赤泥可溶性盐含量降低了50%;3种供试植物中黑麦草最适宜改良后的赤泥基质种植。     

关于工业墙板的节点连接问题

该文作者详细叙述墙板的节点构造问题,针对这些问题,提出了几点改进方法。