基于MSPA和MCR模型的海岛型城市生态网络构建——以福建省平潭岛为例

为解决快速发展导致的生态环境问题,探究平衡海岛型城市发展与生态保护的有效途径,以福建省平潭岛为研究区,采用形态学空间格局分析模型(MSPA)、最小累积阻力模型(MCR)和重力模型构建平潭岛生态网络,通过构建踏脚石斑块对生态网络进行优化。结果表明：(1)初步构建的生态网络包括20个重要生态源地和190条生态廊道,重要生态源地主要分布在西部和东北部,生态廊道在中部和南部地区分布较少。(2)阻力较大的地区主要分布在平潭县城及研究区南部和中部。这些地区几乎都是建成区,很大程度上阻碍了生态系统的流动,导致研究区生态网络体系不完整。(3)增加了8个踏脚石斑块作为补充重要生态源地,同时也新增加188条生态廊道,以实现生态网络的优化。(4)优化后的生态网络连通性提高,网络闭合指数(α指数)、网络连接度指数(β指数)和网络连通率指数(γ指数)分别增加了1.99,4,1.33。研究能够阐明构建踏脚石在海岛型城市生态网络完善中的实践路径,并为平潭岛未来生态规划及城市健康发展提供有效的理论支撑,同时也为其他海岛型城市的生态保护和优化提供参考。     

福建平潭岛景观格局时空演变规律

在遥感、地理信息系统的支持下,基于2003、2011年Landsat-7卫星影像数据,运用Fragstats3.3景观格局分析软件和景观生态学的基本原理、方法,通过对比2003、2011年景观格局指数,分析研究福建省平潭岛的景观格局时空演变规律。结果表明:研究区景观各要素特征发生了较大变化,城镇、农村居民点的斑块面积由2003年的2464.08 hm2增加到2011年的4550.83 hm2;景观空间结构的变化表现为景观类型的形状指数和分维数都有不同程度的增加;邻近景观指标总体呈下降趋势,表明景观类型之间距离更远,变得更离散;景观异质性指数中的廊道斑块密度明显增大,增加量为21.96个.hm-2。8 a间平潭岛的景观格局呈现剧烈变化态势。     

Bacterial sinusitis as a cause of beak deformity in an Antipodes Island parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor)

CASE HISTORY: From 26 days of age, an Antipodes Island parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor) was noted to have a severe beak deformity and reduced bodyweight gain compared to its nest mate. The bird was euthanised at 43 days of age.

CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: The beak abnormality consisted of distortion of the right nares and severe shortening resulting in deviation of the upper maxilla to the right and cranially. On sectioning the head, copious mucoid material was found in the infraorbital sinus and the bony sinus architecture was disrupted. Histopathological examination of the infraorbital sinuses revealed a large focus of chronic but active inflammation, bony lysis on the right side and pockets of a mixed population of bacteria.

DIAGNOSIS: Severe beak deformity, likely secondary to bacterial sinusitis.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The case illustrates the need to look for underlying aetiologies to beak malformation, particularly in young parrots.     

2017年冬季斯科舍海南极磷虾种群结构变动研究

斯科舍海蕴含着丰富的南极磷虾资源,是重要的南极磷虾渔场,该海域南极磷虾种群结构存在显著的时空差异。为了解该海域冬季南极磷虾的种群结构变动,以明晰渔场的变化,并探究南极磷虾的越冬机制,利用2017年5—8月渔业资源调查随机收集的样本,对冬季布兰斯菲尔德海峡和南乔治亚岛东北水域南极磷虾种群结构差异进行分析。结果显示,2017年冬季各月南极磷虾性比差异不大,均为雌性占比稍高于雄性,且各月性成熟度分布不存在显著差异。总体而言,雌性磷虾在整个冬季月份,除个例外均为未成熟个体。对于雄性磷虾,5月未成熟个体少于成熟个体;6月未成熟个体多于成熟个体;7月未成熟个体显著多于成熟个体;8月均为未成熟个体。对于布兰斯菲尔德海峡和南乔治亚岛两区域,整体来说,随月份增加,磷虾雌、雄个体的成熟个体数量减少,而未成熟个体数量逐渐增加。通过历史资料对比可知,斯科舍海冬季磷虾种群结构存在较为显著的年际和年间变化。     

海南岛东北部5种森林土壤有机碳分布特征

为揭示海南岛东北部森林土壤有机碳分布特征,本文对该区湿加松林（Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea）、木麻黄林（Casuarina equisetifolia）、椰树林（Cocos nucifera）、次生林和混交林等5种典型森林土壤有机碳含量和储量进行了比较研究。结果表明,5种森林0~100 cm土壤有机碳平均含量差异显著（P<0.05）,其中次生林最高,为3.78 g/kg,木麻黄林最低,仅有0.90 g/kg;5种森林0~100 cm土壤有机碳储量分别为次生林46.06 t/hm ²、混交林40.52 t/hm ²、湿加松林39.08 t/hm ²、椰树林31.26 t/hm ²和木麻黄林15.22 t/hm ²。浅海沉积土上的次生林、滨海沙土上的混交林均具有相对较高的土壤有机碳储量,分别显著地高于同一母质上的椰树林和木麻黄林（P<0.05）。综上,该区不同类型森林的建立深刻地影响了土壤有机碳库储量,次生林和混交林的建立可能有助于该区增加土壤固碳。     

At sea movement of Macquarie Island giant petrels: Relationships with marine protected areas and Regional Fisheries Management Organisations

Satellite tracking devices were used to examine the at sea movements of southern and northern giant petrels from Macquarie Island during the Austral summers of 2005-06 and 2006-07. Time spent at sea for nine northern giant petrels (four breeding adults, five recently fledged juveniles) and 10 southern giant petrels (three breeding adults, one non-breeding adult, and six recently fledged juveniles) was examined in relation to marine protected areas and fishing activity in the area immediately adjacent to Macquarie Island in 2005-06, and in terms of the jurisdictions of Regional Fisheries Management Authorities (RFMOs) at a broader scale during both seasons. Breeding adult southern and northern giant petrels spent a large proportion of their time at sea in the Macquarie Island Marine Park (25% and 65%, respectively), primarily during chick rearing. Further from Macquarie Island, the most important foraging areas for adult giant petrels were the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) statistical sub-areas 58.4.1 and 88.1, where foraging activity was concentrated around the ice edge and the Polar Frontal Zone. Fledglings of both species spent time in the Marine Park immediately after fledging, before moving into international waters. We found significant temporal and spatial overlap in the areas used by recently fledged juvenile northern giant petrels and the areas utilised by the single trawler that operated in these waters during 2005-06. Adult giant petrels spent little time in RFMO waters other than those under the jurisdiction of CCAMLR, but fledgling southern and northern giant petrels spent considerable time (56% and 78% of total time at sea) on the high seas of the Pacific Ocean, in areas under the jurisdictions of the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), the Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) and the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO). Band returns indicate that the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) and the South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO) areas are likely to be extensively utilised by Macquarie Island giant petrels in the first three years after fledging. Overall, Macquarie Island’s giant petrel populations are well protected by marine reserves during the breeding season. However, after fledging birds move into RFMO areas that currently have low standards of observer coverage and by catch mitigation, and where fisheries related mortality is likely to pose a significant risk.     

Theory meets reality: How habitat fragmentation research has transcended island biogeographic theory

Island biogeography theory (IBT) provides a basic conceptual model for understanding habitat fragmentation. Empirical studies of fragmented landscapes often reveal strong effects of fragment area and isolation on species richness, although other predictions of the theory, such as accelerated species turnover in fragments, have been tested less frequently. As predicted by IBT, biota in fragments typically ‘relax’ over time towards lower species richness. Beyond these broad generalizations, however, the relevance of IBT for understanding fragmented ecosystems is limited. First, IBT provides few predictions about how community composition in fragments should change over time, and which species should be most vulnerable. Second, edge effects can be an important driver of local species extinctions and ecosystem change, but are not considered by IBT. Third, the matrix of modified vegetation surrounding fragments—also ignored by IBT—can strongly influence fragment connectivity, which in turn affects the demography, genetics, and survival of local populations. Fourth, most fragmented landscapes are also altered by other anthropogenic changes, such as hunting, logging, fires, and pollution, which can interact synergistically with habitat fragmentation. Finally, fragmentation often has diverse impacts on ecosystem properties such as canopy-gap dynamics, carbon storage, and the trophic structure of communities that are not considered by IBT. I highlight these phenomena with findings from fragmented ecosystems around the world.     

基于GIS的海南岛芒果气候适宜性精细化区划研究

以海南岛18个国家气象站1966—2019年的日观测数据为基础,对海南岛18个市（县）芒果单产的气象产量与其各生育期气温、降水、日照、相对湿度等做相关分析,选取花期平均气温、果实发育期平均气温、年≥10 ℃积温作为区划指标,同时考虑坡度因素的影响,采用集优法基于GIS开展了海南岛芒果种植精细化气候区划。结果表明,海南岛芒果种植气候适宜区主要分布在昌江、东方、乐东、三亚、陵水、万宁、琼海等西部南部和东部市（县）的沿海乡（镇）,不适宜区主要分布在五指山大部、白沙南部、昌江南部、乐东东北部、三亚北部、陵水北部等市（县）地形陡峭的山地,其余为次适宜区。区划结果可为海南岛芒果种植布局规划和产业结构调整提供科学依据。