海南岛东南海岸带植被景观分类系统探讨

将Forman和Godron提出的基于植被(或土地利用)的景观分类方法与中国特有的土地类型分类方法相结合,采用区域性原则,综合性与主导因素相结合原则,人类干扰原则与层次性原则等分类原则,确立研究区海岸带植被景观类型系统。根据景观土地属性分类的植被分类途径,将海南岛东南海岸带景观分为植被景观、农田景观、湿地景观、建筑景观与其他景观等5种一级景观类型;针叶林、阔叶林、人工林、灌草丛和红树林等5种二级植被景观类型;青梅Vitica mangachapoi-柄果木Mischocarpus sundaicus林、榕树Ficus microcarpa-桄榔Arenga pinnata林等39种植被斑块类型(三级景观类型)。表2参13     

Conservation biology for suites of species: Demographic modeling for Pacific island kingfishers

Conservation practitioners frequently extrapolate data from single-species investigations when managing critically endangered populations. However, few researchers initiate work with the intent of making findings useful to conservation efforts for other species. We presented and explored the concept of conducting conservation-oriented research for suites of geographically separated populations with similar natural histories, resource needs, and extinction threats. An example was provided in the form of an investigation into the population demography of endangered Micronesian kingfishers (Todiramphus cinnamominus). We provided the first demographic parameter estimates for any of the 12 endangered Pacific Todiramphus species, and used results to develop a population projection matrix model for management throughout the insular Pacific. Further, we used the model for elasticity and simulation analyses with demographic values that randomly varied across ranges that might characterize congener populations. Results from elasticity and simulation analyses indicated that changes in breeding adult survival exerted the greatest magnitude of influence on population dynamics. However, changes in nestling survival were more consistently correlated with population dynamics as demographic rates were randomly altered. We concluded that conservation practitioners working with endangered Pacific kingfishers should primarily focus efforts on factors affecting nestling and breeder survival, and secondarily address fledgling juveniles and helpers. Further, we described how the generalized base model might be changed to focus on individual populations and discussed the potential application of multi-species models to other conservation situations.     

Density and distribution of the endemic Seram cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis in relation to land use patterns

The endemic Seram cockatoo, Cacatua moluccensis, was placed on Appendix I of CITES in response to declining trade statistics but in the absence of population data. We conducted population surveys and collected data on habitat structure at seven sites on Seram in 1998. Cockatoo densities ranged from 0.93 to 17.25 birds/km² and averaged 7.9 birds/km² across sites. We classified habitat into three types but found that cockatoo densities did not correspond closely to habitat differences across sites. Cockatoo abundance was significantly associated with presence of potential nest trees and strangling figs. Analysis of forest cover and landuse indicates that while most of the island is still covered in lowland forest, only 14% of these forests are protected and almost half the island is classified as logging concession. Conservation recommendations include better information and enforcement of laws protecting Seram cockatoos and resolution of boundary conflicts between parks and logging concessions.     

海南岛西部地区砖红壤中稀土元素含量的空间分异特征

砖红壤是海南岛西部地区占地面积大、发育典型的地带性土壤,对区内不同砖红壤剖面稀土元素的组成特征及稀土元素含量的纵向变化规律进行研究发现,成土母质决定着土壤中稀土元素的最初含量,同一土壤剖面上下层土壤之间的稀土元素具有一定的继承性。砖红壤在形成发育过程中发生了轻稀土元素富集,且由深部至浅部,稀土元素总量逐步减少,而Ce也呈现出由负异常向正异常演化之趋势,土壤的淋溶作用是导致稀土元素发生纵向分异的主要原因。     

The drivers of soil bacterial communities in rubber plantation at local and geographic scales

ABSTRACT

According to traditional biogeographic theory, historical contingency can influence soil microbial communities. Thus, we ask: are historical contingencies (soil profiles and geographic sampling locations), or other factors (seasonal changes and soil nutrients), important drivers of soil bacterial communities? This study used high throughput sequencing technology to investigate the soil bacterial compositions of rubber plantations at the local and geographic scales. Significant differences were detected in bacterial compositions between two study locations, Xishuangbanna and Hainan Island. Redundancy analysis showed that the most important factor driving bacterial composition was site location and total nitrogen, which explained 38.2 and 38.4% the total variance, respectively; this indicates that historical contingencies drive distinct bacterial communities in rubber plantation soils. At the local scale, there were also distinct differences in soil bacterial compositions between the dry and rainy season in both the Xishuangbanna and Hainan sites. Seasonal changes explained 13.6 and 41.4% of the total variation of soil bacterial composition in Xishuangbanna and on Hainan Island, respectively, whereas other factors had little effect on soil bacterial communities (p < 0.001). In conclusion, our results demonstrate that historical contingencies drive variation in bacterial composition at the geographic scale, whereas seasonal changes influence variation at the local scale.     

Morphological development of eggs, larvae and juveniles of laboratory-reared Ryukyu-ayu Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis

ABSTRACT:   The development of embryos, larvae and juveniles of the Ryukyu-ayu, Plecoglossus altivelisryukyuensis are described based on laboratory-reared specimens.The eggs were spherical, 0.98–1.18 mm (mean 1.06 mm)in diameter with an adherent membrane. The incubation period after fertilizationwas approximately 155 h at a water temperature of 19.7–22.0°C(mean 20.7°C). Newly hatched larvae were 5.0–5.9 mm(mean 5.5 mm) in body length (BL) with 59–62 myotomes.Within 5 days after hatching, the larvae had attained 6.4–8.2 mm(mean 7.8 mm) BL and had completely consumed their yolk.Notochord flexion began at 13.7 mm BL and was completedby 16.3 mm BL. The rudimental dorsal, anal, pelvic andadipose fins appeared at 14.7, 16.3, 21.8 and 21.8 mm BL, respectively.All fin rays reached the same fixed number of adult fish at about28 mm BL. The comb-like teeth began to form at approximately30 mm BL and were fully developed at about 40–50 mm BL.The proportions of P. a. ryukyuensis specimens,which were consistent with adult fish, occurred at approximately40 mm BL.     

基于GIS平均气温空间分布推算模型研究——以海南岛为例

[目的]研究基于GIS平均气温空间分布推算模型。[方法]以多年平均气温为研究对象,应用普通克里格插值法(OK)、反距离权重插值法(IDW)、样条插值法(SPLINE)以及混合插值法(MLR)对海南岛18个长期气象观测站1979～2008年逐月气温资料进行了空间栅格化,通过不同插值方法的对比分析,选择针对海南岛多年平均气温相对最优的插值方法。[结果]通过对海南岛近30年的平均气温4种插值方法的误差分析,发现插值法精度顺序为MLRIDWOKSPLINE。基于海南岛DEM影像的"多元线性回归+残差插值"的小网格插值法即混合插值法(MLR)在海南岛平均气温空间插值效果最好;海南岛平均气温空间分布特征除具有明显的南高北低的纬度地带性以及随海拔升高逐渐降低的垂直地带性外,沿岸地区气温呈略高于内陆地区趋势;海南岛各月气温递减率在0.38～0.85℃/100m,年均气温递减率约为0.74℃/100m,在不同区域不同时间条件下,气温对于海拔高度的递减率不同。[结论]该研究为海南岛农业气象要素连续分布状况获取和建立精确空间分布推断模型提供依据。     

森林资源动态变化及分析——以海南省为例

分析了海南岛1987～2008年间森林资源的变化,其主要特点有:①除1993～1998年外,其他阶段海南林业用地面积稳步上升,2008年达到208.73万hm2,森林覆盖率达51.98%,无林地面积明显减少。②近20年来海南省森林蓄积除在1987～1993年略有下降外,其后也持续增长。③森林资源质量不断下降,但在2008年后有所改善。④海南岛人工林面积不断增加,到2008年已占总面积的61.35%,人工林优势种主要为橡胶、桉树和芒果等热带经济作物。该研究还探讨了海南岛森林资源变化的原因,分析了海南岛森林资源存在的问题,提出今后森林资源的经营管理建议。     

武汉市藏龙岛地区行道树绿化现状调查

对武汉市藏龙岛地区24条道路的绿化配置模式进行了调查,统计了行道树的品种、高度、胸径、应用频度及长势等指标。结果表明,该地区道路的绿化形式有一板二带式、二板三带式、三板四带式、四板五带式与其他5种形式,行道树种植设计形式有树池式、树带式、混合式及其他4种形式,行道树树种有13种,隶属于11科12属,以香樟、杜英、法桐、垂柳为主,有4条道路的行道树长势较差,有明显的病虫危害现象。     

海南岛茄果类蔬菜根结线虫种类鉴定

应用形态学、同工酶分析及mtDNA分析等鉴定方法对采自海南岛12个市县的14个茄果类根结线虫进行鉴定,结果发现14个种群中,6个样本为象耳豆根结线虫(Meloidogyne enterolobii),2个样本为象耳豆根结线虫(M.enterolobii)和南方根结线虫(M.incognita)的混合种群,另外6个样本为常见的南方根结线虫(M.incognita)。所有14个种群中象耳豆根结线虫的数量跟南方根结线虫的种群数量相同,证明象耳豆根结线虫种群已得到进一步扩散,其对海南冬季瓜菜生产特别是茄果类蔬菜的危害日趋严重,应引起广泛注意。