育成期饲粮代谢能水平对开产时如皋黄鸡生长发育的影响

本试验旨在研究8～18周龄饲粮代谢能(ME)水平对8周龄至开产时(20周龄)如皋黄鸡生长性能以及屠体、内脏器官、鸡冠、骨骼、消化道和繁殖器官发育的影响。试验选用8周龄体况良好、体重接近的如皋黄鸡360只,随机分成3组,每组8个重复,每个重复15只鸡。8～18周龄,试验鸡分别饲喂ME水平为10.88、11.30和11.72 MJ·kg^-1、其它营养素水平相同的试验饲粮,18周龄～开产(20周龄),各组试验鸡均饲喂相同营养水平的预产期试验饲粮。试验期12周。结果表明：1)随8～18周龄饲粮ME水平增加,蛋鸡18周龄体重、8～18周龄平均日增重(ADG)和平均日代谢能摄入量(MEi)均显著线性增加(P<0.05),8～18周龄和8～20周龄料重比(F/G)和粗蛋白质转化比(CPCR)均显著线性减小(P<0.05)。2)8～18周龄饲粮ME水平对18和20周龄如皋黄鸡屠体、内脏器官和消化道发育均无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)18周龄蛋鸡胫骨重和胫骨率均随8～18周龄饲粮ME水平增加先减小后增加(P<0.05)。8～18周龄饲粮ME水平对18周龄鸡冠和股骨以及20周龄鸡冠、胫骨和股骨发育均无显著影响(P>0.05)。4)18周龄蛋鸡卵巢基质指数和小黄卵泡指数均随8～18周龄饲粮ME水平增加显著线性增加(P<0.05),8～18周龄饲粮ME水平对18周龄其它繁殖器官以及20周龄各繁殖器官发育均无显著影响(P>0.05)。由此可知,8～18周龄饲粮ME水平为11.72 MJ·kg^-1时,能显著增加18周龄体重和8～18周龄ADG,改善8～18周龄F/G和CPCR,促进卵巢基质和小黄卵泡发育,但饲粮ME水平对开产时(20周龄)蛋鸡生长发育指标均无显著影响。本研究表明,将蛋鸡育成期和预产期结合研究具有更重要的实践意义。     

Essential oil of Aloysia citriodora Paláu and citral: sedative and anesthetic efficacy and safety in Rhamdia quelen and Ctenopharyngodon idella

ObjectiveTo verify the efficacy of citral in inducing sedation and anesthesia in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and to assess the safety of essential oil (EO) of Aloysia citriodora and citral in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish.Study designClinical study, randomized, parallel, multi-arm with control group in target species.AnimalsA total of 96 juvenile and 72 adult silver catfish and 80 juvenile grass carp were used.MethodsSilver catfish and grass carp were exposed to different concentrations of citral, 15–675 and 15–600 μL L^–1, respectively, during the maximum period of 30 minutes to verify sedation and anesthesia induction and recovery times. In addition, for anesthetic induction, silver catfish were exposed to the EO of A. citriodora and citral at 225 μL L^–1 for 3.5 minutes. Then, fish were transferred to an anesthesia maintenance solution at 50 μL L^–1 for 10 minutes to assess hematologic and biochemical variables at 60 minutes, 2 and 6 days after treatment.ResultsCitral only induced sedation from 15, 25 and 40 μLL^–1 in both species. Anesthesia without mortality was induced in silver catfish at 50–600 μL L^–1 and grass carp at 75–450 μL L^–1. At 675 and 600 μL L^–1, mortality was recorded in silver catfish and grass carp, respectively. The EO of A. citriodora and citral were safe in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish, with mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration being the only variable that varied in relation to time and treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevanceCitral was effective in inducing sedation and anesthesia in both species. In addition, A. citriodora EO and citral were safe in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish. Both agents are promising substances for the development of new drugs for fish.     

银杏叶用品种的初步筛选研究

通过对收集的１６个银杏优良单株４年生嫁接苗的叶产量、黄酮含量进行初步比较研究，结果表明：不同单株间叶产量、黄酮含量存在显著差异；银杏植株各器官中黄酮合量以芽最高，叶次之，根枝较低。综合分析表明：ＷＬ１６８号表现最优，其次为桂林３号等，可在生产中推广应用。     

花岗岩黄红壤杉木幼林施肥连年生长效应

１９９１￣１９９５年试验结果表明，在江西分宜花岗岩残积物发育的黄红壤上，杉木幼林施Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ及配合处理，使树高、胸径、蓄积总生长量指标分别达到５．６７￣６．５９ｍ、８．３５￣９．２８ｃｍ、６７．９２２￣９６．４１ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，较对照增长５．６％￣２０．２％、７．４％￣１７．５％、２１．６％￣５６．２％。在各种施肥处理中，以５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２Ｐ２Ｏ５的效果最佳，其连年生长量效应显著持续到第５年；     

甜菜黄萎病菌生物学特性及16种杀菌剂的毒力比较

【目的】研究甜菜黄萎病菌生物学特性,比较16种杀菌剂的毒力,分析其病原菌特性,为病害防治提供依据。【方法】采用菌丝生长速率法,测定该病原菌主要生物学特性,并比较16种杀菌剂毒力。【结果】该病原菌生长较适宜的培养基为查氏培养基;生长温度为5 ~ 35 ℃,最适温度为25 ~ 30 ℃,菌丝致死温度为57 ℃;最适碳氮源为乳糖和硝酸钾;pH值4.0 ~ 11.0均可生长,碱性环境下生长较快,在pH值11.0时生长最快,对偏酸性环境也较为耐受;在24 h全光照下生长最好。16种供试药剂均对病原菌有明显不同的抑制效果;40%多菌灵和450 g/L咪鲜胺对病原菌的抑制作用极强,EC₅₀值分别为0.089 1和0.91 mg/L;30%噁霉灵、30%苯甲丙环唑、1.8%辛菌胺醋酸盐次之（EC₅₀：100 ~ 155 mg/L）。【结论】甜菜黄萎病菌菌丝生长最适温度范围为25 ~ 30 ℃,喜碱耐酸,全光照下生长最好;40%多菌灵、450 g/L咪鲜胺和30%噁霉灵等对病原菌有极强或较强的抑菌作用,可作为田间防病的首选。     

传感器阵列对浓香型白酒发酵中黄水的检测研究

黄水是白酒在固态发酵过程的副产物,含有大量发酵产物,黄水的成分一定程度反映了固态发酵的信息。基于白酒固态发酵只能在线检测温度这一现状,设计了针对白酒副产物黄水的一种传感器阵列检测装置,用于检测黄水的总酸和残余葡萄糖。该传感器阵列由电导率传感器、pH传感器和氧化还原传感器构成。采用主成份分析、判别函数分析印证了传感器数据对不同样品的区分作用,再采用多元线性回归对黄水样品建立了预测模型,结果显示:该传感器阵列装置对黄水的总酸和残余葡萄糖的预测偏差分别为0.39和0.45。     

精制和除臭工艺对大黄鱼肝油品质影响分析

为了开发优质大黄鱼肝油,探究其在精制过程及不同脱臭处理时的品质变化。本研究对大黄鱼肝粗提油采用四个过程精制(脱胶、脱酸、脱色、旋蒸脱臭)以及不同脱臭方法(旋蒸、固相吸附、脱臭液、GTP)处理后的理化性质、脂肪酸和挥发性风味成分进行了全面的分析。结果表明：在四个精制阶段的理化性质方面,精制鱼油的酸价与粗鱼油相比降低了63.50%,碘值提高了1.19倍,过氧化值降低了39.02%,其理化性质得到了显著的改善。脂肪酸的相对含量优化效果明显,大黄鱼肝油的饱和脂肪酸增加了1.20倍、多不饱和脂肪酸增加了1.71倍以及EPA、DHA含量增加了1.84倍。粗鱼肝油中油脂味、鱼腥味和酸味重,精制可以改善其风味,脱胶、脱酸对风味影响较小,脱色对风味有一定改善,但主要影响鱼油风味是脱臭工艺,可以显著降低其油脂味、鱼腥味和酸味。在不同脱臭方法的比较中,脱臭液脱臭可使鱼肝油酸价达到最低0.24±0.07 mg KOH/g,而绿茶多酚(GTP)脱臭可有效降低鱼肝油氧化值(1.56±0.19 mmol/kg),且在风味中还会形成愉悦的清香味,总体效果更佳。该研究为大黄鱼肝开发,生产富含高不饱和脂肪酸且风味品质均佳的鱼肝油生产技术提供理论依据。     

不同种质番茄材料抗番茄黄化曲叶病毒病特性研究

以不同种质番茄为实验材料,利用苗期农杆菌接种法接种番茄黄化曲叶病毒(tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV),采用实时定量PCR和生理生化方法评价对TYLCV的抗性,统计分析不同抗性番茄材料不同发病时期的表型特征、带毒率、抗氧化酶活性、总酚与类黄酮含量及抗性基因表达量的变化情况,并分析各抗性指标之间的关系。结果表明,番茄材料带毒率为100%;853没有任何感病症状,802与803感病最为严重;抗氧化酶活性、总酚与类黄酮含量及抗性基因表达量在各时期均较高的有867、857、853,817与842次之,803最低。SOD活性、CAT活性、APX活性、总酚含量、类黄酮含量、Ty-1基因、Ty-2和Ty-3基因的表达量相互之间均呈极显著正相关(总酚与Ty-1之间为显著正相关,P<0.01)。番茄植株感染TYLCV后,Ty-1的表达相比于其他抗病基因具有延迟性。综合分析筛选出867、857、853三种抗病性较强的材料,植株体内的抗性基因、抗氧化酶、总酚与类黄酮之间呈正相关,共同提高了番茄植株对TYLCV的抗性。     

Digesta viscosity, nutrient digestibility and organ weights in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets supplemented with different levels of a soluble non-starch polysaccharide

The objective of the present study was to investigate if dietary soluble non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP) increase digesta viscosity, reduce nutrient digestibility and increase organ weights in African catfish. The fish (mean weight 80 g) were fed diets supplemented with the soluble NSP guar gum at three levels, 0 g kg^?1 (GG0), 40 g kg^?1 (GG4) and 80 g kg^?1 (GG8). Guar gum inclusion significantly increased digesta viscosity in the proximal (GG0: 1.7 centipoise or cP; GG4: 84.9 cP; GG8: 98.3 cP) and distal (GG0: 1.9 cP; GG4: 109.8 cP; GG8: 66.4 cP) intestine. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were significantly lower for the GG8 diet than the GG0 diet (dry matter: 52% versus 69%; protein: 77% versus 90%; ash: 41% versus 54%; energy: 60% versus 77%). The ADC of dry matter and energy were significantly lower for the GG4 diet than the GG0 diet. The relative growth rate of metabolic weight (14.5–15.4 g kg^?0.8 day^?1) and feed conversion ratio (0.8) did not differ between diets. Fish fed the GG8 diet had a significantly higher somatic stomach index than GG0 fish (0.71% versus 0.65% body weight). The intestinal somatic index tended to increase with increasing guar gum supplementation (GG0: 1.08%; GG4: 1.23%; GG8: 1.59%). In conclusion, high digesta viscosities in the guar gum fed fish may explain the observed reduced nutrient digestibilities and increases in digestive organ weights.     

不同变黄时间对烟叶叶绿素及其主要化学成分含量的影响

以云烟87为试材,探讨了在烘烤过程中,不同变黄时间对烟叶叶绿素及其主要化学成分含量的影响。结果表明,延长变黄时间12 h 后,烟叶的总糖、还原糖、总氮、烟碱含量适宜,钾氯比值最高,化学成分最协调,工业可用性较好,综合经济效益最优。