Black soldier fly and yellow mealworm live larvae for broiler chickens: Effects on bird performance and health status

The commercial broiler chicken strains are the result of successful selection programmes. Most of the problems related to welfare arise from the high growth rate and body weight. The use of environmental enrichments in intensive farming could have a positive effect on birds by increasing animal welfare. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Hermetia illucens (HI) and Tenebrio molitor (TM) live larvae in the diets of broiler chickens on growth performance, carcass yield and health status. A total of 180 four-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to 18 pens. Each pen was assigned to one of the three dietary treatments (6 replicates/treatment, 10 birds/replicate) as follows: (i) control diet (C): commercial feed (two feeding phases: starter [4–11 days] and grower [12–38 days]), (ii) HI: C + 5% of the expected daily feed intake (DFI) HI live larvae (calculated on dry matter [DM]) and (iii) TM: C + 5% of DFI TM live larvae (DM). At 39 days of age, birds were slaughtered. Growth performance parameters were overall not affected by dietary treatments, except for the grower phase feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the overall FCR being better in the TM broilers than the others (p < 0.01). No differences were observed for slaughtering performance and haematological and serum parameters, except for the spleen relative weight being higher (p < 0.01) in the birds administered with larvae when compared to the C group. Gut morphometric indexes and histopathological alterations were not influenced by insect larvae administration. In conclusion, the administration in limited quantities of HI and TM live larvae as environmental enrichment has no negative effects on broiler chicken growth performance and health status. A behavioural study could confirm that live insect larvae represent a novel natural environmental enrichment in broiler farming.     

黄壤旱地豆科绿肥养分释放特征

在贵阳市黄壤旱地内采用尼龙网袋法,研究不同含水量的绿肥在直接还田和添加生物炭后翻压还田情况下的养分释放特征,以期为黄壤旱地绿肥科学还田及化肥合理减施提供理论依据。结果表明：不同处理的腐解速率趋势相同,均呈现先快速腐解、再缓慢腐解、并逐渐趋于平稳的趋势,总腐解速率表现为风干绿肥+生物炭 > 新鲜绿肥+生物炭 > 风干绿肥 > 新鲜绿肥。经过180 d的腐解,新鲜绿肥、风干绿肥、新鲜绿肥+生物炭、风干绿肥+生物炭腐解速率分别为74.77%、83.13%、92.69%和95.83%,添加生物炭处理绿肥腐解速率高于未添加生物炭处理,风干绿肥腐解速率高于绿肥腐解速率。与腐解速率相似,不同处理的氮和磷的累积减少率均先快速腐解,再缓慢腐解,最终腐解平稳,到达平衡,经过180 d的腐解,新鲜绿肥、风干绿肥、新鲜绿肥+生物炭、风干绿肥+生物炭的氮素释放率分别为73.55%、83.80%、92.00%和95.00%,磷素释放率分别为76.40%、87.13%、93.31%和96.27%;钾素腐解率高于氮素和磷素,不同处理的绿肥在腐解30 d后释放率均在80%以上。综上,不同含水量的绿肥腐解速率不同,风干绿肥的腐解速率高于新鲜绿肥,同时添加生物炭能提高风干和新鲜绿肥的腐解速率。绿肥还田后,可适当减少氮和钾的施用量,还田初期可不调整氮磷肥的施用量,钾肥可适当延后施用。     

紫云英与双季稻秸秆协同利用影响稻田土壤钾循环与平衡

稻草还田和冬种绿肥是维持稻田地力和化肥替代的重要方式之一.本研究以在湖南酸性红黄泥和碱性紫潮泥两种典型稻田土壤上进行了2年的紫云英-双季稻定位试验为对象,分析紫云英和双季稻秸秆协同利用对稻田土壤K循环的影响.两土壤试验处理一致,包括稻田冬闲(FRR)、冬种紫云英(MvRR)及冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用(MvRR+St)3个处理.结果表明:与冬闲和冬种紫云英相比,紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用未影响红黄泥土壤各形态钾的含量,但显著提高紫潮泥土壤速效钾和非交换性钾的含量,其中紫潮泥土壤水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾及特殊吸附钾的含量较冬种紫云英处理分别提高了134.0％、93.0％、73.4％;两种典型稻田土壤上紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用显著提高下茬作物紫云英的全K含量及吸K量,且紫云英的吸K量为紫潮泥>红黄泥;两种典型稻田土壤上冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用均未影响早、晚稻产量及籽粒K积累;在稻田各种植季和周年目前的K投入水平下,两种典型稻田土壤上冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用处理均存在K盈余(红黄泥K盈余量为401.15 kg·hm-2、紫潮泥K盈余量为403.42 kg·hm-2),说明冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用能减少双季稻生产中的化学钾肥投入量.综上所述,紫云英和双季稻秸秆协同利用有益于稻田土壤的K循环与平衡.     

小肽对大黄鱼仔鱼生长和小肠发育的影响及其在低温胁迫下的抗氧化应激效应

本试验分为生长试验和低温胁迫试验2部分。先分别投喂大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)仔鱼经不同浓度(0、0.5、1.0、2.0和3.0 mL/m 3)小肽营养强化后的轮虫和卤虫12 d,以探讨小肽对大黄鱼仔鱼生长和小肠发育的影响;再将大黄鱼仔鱼暴露在温度为12℃的水体中24 h,以探讨小肽对低温胁迫下大黄鱼仔鱼抗氧化能力和非特异性免疫力的影响。结果显示:不同浓度小肽均显著增加了轮虫和卤虫的必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量(P<0.05),显著提高了大黄鱼仔鱼的体长及小肠绒毛高度、数量和组织面积(P<0.05)。小肽显著提高低温胁迫下大黄鱼仔鱼的谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及肝脏抗氧化酶[铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)、锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶-1a(GPx-1 a)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶-1b(GPx-1 b)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)]基因和非特异性免疫酶[c型溶菌酶(c-type LZM)、g型溶菌酶(g-type LZM)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)]基因表达水平,显著降低活性氧(ROS)含量(P<0.05)。核转录因子NF-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)和核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)基因表达水平均与抗氧化酶基因和非特异性免疫酶基因表达水平呈显著正相关(P<0.05),并均与ROS含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,小肽能够提高轮虫和卤虫的营养价值,从而改善大黄鱼仔鱼的生长和小肠发育;小肽通过诱导Nrf2和NF-κB的表达来增加抗氧化酶基因和非特异性免疫酶基因表达水平,从而缓解低温胁迫诱导的氧化损伤。     

Effects of dietary Tenebrio molitor meal inclusion in free‐range chickens

Insects are currently being considered as a novel protein source for animal feeds, because they contain a large amount of protein. The larvae of Tenebrio molitor (TM) have been shown to be an acceptable protein source for broiler chickens in terms of growth performance, but till now, no data on histological or intestinal morphometric features have been reported. This study has had the aim of evaluating the effects of dietary TM inclusion on the performance, welfare, intestinal morphology and histological features of free‐range chickens. A total of 140 medium‐growing hybrid female chickens were free‐range reared and randomly allotted to two dietary treatments: (i) a control group and (ii) a TM group, in which TM meal was included at 75 g/kg. Each group consisted of five pens as replicates, with 14 chicks per pen. Growth performance, haematological and serum parameters and welfare indicators were evaluated, and the animals were slaughtered at the age of 97 days. Two birds per pen (10 birds/treatment) were submitted to histological (liver, spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, kidney, heart, glandular stomach and gut) and morphometric (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) investigations. The inclusion of TM did not affect the growth performance, haematological or serum parameters. The morphometric and histological features were not significantly affected either, thus suggesting no influence on nutrient metabolization, performance or animal health. Glandular stomach alterations (chronic flogosis with epithelial squamous metaplasia) were considered paraphysiological in relation to free‐range farming. The observed chronic intestinal flogosis, with concomitant activation of the lymphoid tissue, was probably due to previous parasitic infections, which are very frequently detected in free‐range chickens. In conclusion, the findings of this study show that yellow mealworm inclusion does not affect the welfare, productive performances or morphological features of free‐range chickens, thus confirming that TM can be used safely in poultry diets.     

甜瓜黄斑病毒SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR方法

为建立检测甜瓜黄斑病毒(melon yellow spot virus, MYSV)的SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)方法。基于MYSV核衣壳蛋白基因保守序列设计qPCR特异性引物对,针对引物退火温度、引物浓度、特异性和敏感性进行系列优化。结果显示,优化后的qPCR方法最适退火温度为61.3℃,最适引物浓度为0.65μmol·L^-1,特异性强,灵敏度高,比PCR高100倍。以携带目的基因片段的重组质粒为标准品,构建的qPCR标准曲线循环阈值与模板浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 7。实验样品验证表明建立的qPCR方法可用于MYSV的定量检测。     

玉米黄花叶病毒运动蛋白的原核表达纯化与抗血清制备

为实现对玉米黄花叶病毒（maize yellow mosaic virus,MaYMV）的血清学检测,丰富该病毒的检测方法,将编码MaYMV运动蛋白（movement protein,MP）的基因连接到原核表达载体pDBHis-MBP上,将构建成功的原核表达质粒转化到大肠杆菌Escherichia coli中诱导表达融合蛋白,将纯化后的融合蛋白对新西兰大白兔Oryctolagus cuniculus进行免疫并制备MaYMV MP多克隆抗血清,并采用Western blot对抗血清的效价、灵敏度和特异性进行检测。结果显示,利用成功构建的原核表达载体经诱导表达获得分子量大小约为62 kD的融合蛋白,纯化后对新西兰大白兔进行免疫获得MaYMV MP抗血清,该抗血清的效价为1∶128 000,灵敏度为1∶32,且该抗血清能够特异性地检测到本氏烟Nicotiana benthamiana中瞬时表达的MaYMV MP,而不与马铃薯卷叶病毒属Polerovirus及黄症病毒属Luteovirus的其他病毒发生血清学交叉反应,证明该抗血清具有良好的特异性。表明本研究制备的MaYMV MP抗血清能特异性...     

豆制品加工中黄浆水无害化处理技术研究

对豆制品中黄浆水进行超滤处理的工艺参数进行研究。用外加压管式膜组件对黄浆水进行了超滤试验,分析了液体分别在不同的温度、压力、流速、pH值等因素下对渗透流量和截留率的影响。通过正交试验,得到了处理黄浆水废液的最佳工况。实验结果表明,超滤处理黄浆水的最佳工况是:在压力0.15MPa下,用泵的最大流量对刚排放的黄浆水(温度55℃左右)进行超滤处理,可回收全部脂肪、75%以上的蛋白质和70%以上的总糖。回收后的浓缩物(或干燥物)可以作为饲料或经纯化后食用。     

引黄济津应急调水工程河北段输水能力计算

针对引黄济津应急调水工程河北段的输水能力进行了研究。渠段的输水能力是指渠段所能通过的最大入流量，即渠段的首端断面所能通过的最大流量。根据引黄济津应急调水工程近4年的实测数据，构建了适于干河床水流推进过程渗漏损失的改进模型、小水深情况下的糙率加大模型，并采用均匀试验优选方法对水力参数进行了反演，利用非恒定流模型对引黄济津河北段渠系输水能力进行了计算。结果表明，建立的渗漏损失改进模型、小水深情况下的糙率加大模型是合理的，反演得到的参数是精确的；由于在水流推进与涨水阶段渠床的非稳定渗漏起了较大作用，所以各渠段的输水能力在非稳定输水阶段比稳定输水阶段稍大。输水能力的计算结果可以为引黄济津未来几年的输水规划与调度提供具体的指导。     

大果沙棘杂交后代果实主要成分遗传变异倾向研究

本文以黑龙江省绥棱浆果研究所选育的"楚伊×蒙优1"、"楚伊×蒙优2"、"楚伊×蒙优3"、"楚伊×蒙优4"、"HS-21×蒙优1"、"HS-22×阿列伊"、"绥1×蒙优7"和"HS-20×阿列伊"8个大果沙棘杂交组合为研究对象,对杂交后代果实中糖、酸和黄色素成分的遗传变异倾向进行了初步研究.结果表明:以蒙古沙棘系列雄株为父本的杂交组合后代果实中糖含量呈低亲变异的趋向,以阿列伊为父本的杂交组合后代果实中糖含量在一定程度上呈高亲变异倾向.阿列伊作为父本优于蒙古沙棘系列雄株."高糖"母本楚伊杂交组合的F1代株系果实中糖含量均呈现出衰退趋势.8个沙棘杂交组合后代果实中酸含量呈现一定程度的高亲变异."HS-21×蒙优1"杂交组合后代果实中酸含量变异广泛.8个沙棘杂交组合后代果实中黄色素含量一定程度上亦呈高亲变异倾向.在"楚伊×蒙优4"杂交组合后代中进行选择,获得超亲株系的几率最大.