皆伐炼山对华西雨屏区杉木人工林碳库的影响

人工林生态系统的C储量是陆地生态系统碳库之一,皆伐炼山所造成的环境负效应值得深思.本文以华西雨屏区28 a生杉木人工林为研究对象,旨在阐明皆伐和炼山对杉木人工林生态系统C库的影响.结果如下：（1）皆伐所造成的干材C转移量为85.9（±7.6）t·hm-2、（2）炼山所造成的采伐剩余物、林下层植物和凋落物C量损失分别为8.8（±0.3）t·hm-2、0.19（±0.02）t·hm-2和2.80（±0.08）t·hm-2、（3）炼山能显著降低0 ～60 cm层的土壤有机碳含量,其C损失量为39.5（±1.0）t·hm-2.炼山造成的采伐剩余物、林下层植物、凋落物和土壤有机质燃烧所释放CO2量为188.1 t·hm-2.在全球气候变化情景下,人工林皆伐炼山所造成的环境负效应不容忽视.     

我国南方冬季极端降水与印度洋海温的关系

利用我国南方229个站1962～2012年冬季降水量资料和美国国家海洋、大气管理局（NOAA）提供的1961 ～2011年全球逐月扩展重建海表温度（SST）资料,采用EOF分析、合成分析和SVD分解等方法,分析了我国南方冬季极端降水事件的年际异常与印度洋海温的关系.结果表明,我国南方冬季极端降水和印度洋海温均呈上升趋势,且均在1980年左右发生了突变;印度洋存在2个海温关键区（北印度洋、西南印度洋）,影响着我国南方冬季极端降水事件,关键影响时段是前一年12月～当年2月（简称冬季）;北印度洋冬季海温与江南地区、华南地区东部、淮河流域的冬季极端降水量存在显著正相关,西南印度洋冬季海温与江南地区中西部、西南地区东南部、华南地区东部以及江淮地区的冬季极端降水量存在显著正相关.     

东南太平洋智利竹䇲鱼资源渔场时空分布

根据2003—2011年东南太平洋智利竹■鱼生产统计数据,利用灰色关联评价等数理方法对东南太平洋智利竹■鱼资源和渔场的时空分布特征进行分析。结果表明,2003—2011年间东南太平洋智利竹■鱼渔场重心主要分布在80°W～95°W、40°S～45°S范围内,随着月份的增加逐步向西北方向移动,并从8月份渔场开始分为两个区域,其渔场重心逐渐向西北和东北两个方向偏移,到10月份逐渐偏移到最北端。在产量比重上,东南太平洋智利竹■鱼渔场分布具有明显的季节变化:秋季渔场分布纬度处于最南端,变化范围相对集中,主要分布在80°W～95°W、40°S～45°S区域内;冬季渔场纬度逐渐北移,春季渔场处于最北端,且变化范围较大。这种变化与渔场重心的分布相一致。经度上集中分布于79°W～101°W区域,纬度上集中分布于30°S～45°S区域。79°W～101°W和30°S～45°S这一区域作业次数也相对较高。灰色关联度表明,9年间东南太平洋智利竹■鱼的资源状况较好,研究竹■鱼的资源时空分布为其今后的可持续开发与管理提供科学依据。     

湖北省一次暴雨落区预报偏大原因分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和EC等数值模式预报资料,分析了湖北省2017年6月23日暴雨到大暴雨天气过程,得出此次暴雨过程预报落区偏大、范围偏北的原因。此次过程的天气形势背景为发生在副高外围西南急流出口区左侧、切变线和风速涌线南侧的暖区暴雨,范围小、雨带集中;副高脊线偏西偏北,西南急流中心轴偏北偏东,急流北界偏南、偏西分量较大,不利于江汉平原到鄂东北出现大范围暴雨天气;过于信赖EC形势预报导致了此次暴雨预报出现偏差,暖区暴雨可多参考华东模式;当上下层西南急流都很强盛时,特别需要警惕在暴雨过程前期西南急流加强过程中可能出现的暖区暴雨。     

Landscape pattern changes over 25 years across a hotspot zone in southern Brazil

Forest fragmentation caused by human activities has many implications for natural landscapes, such as habitat reduction and the loss of biodiversity. This study investigated the temporal fragmentation process of forest remnants in a strongly agro-industrialised region in southern Brazil over 25 years. The studied watershed area hosts two important typologies of the Atlantic Forest biome as well as Quaternary remnants of the Brazilian Savanna biome, which are considered hotspots of biodiversity and reflect the intense process of forest fragmentation caused by Brazilian urban and agro-industrial development. Thus, studies encompassing multitemporal scales are paramount to understanding changes in forest patterns and are fundamental for trend predictions of landscape dynamics. To perform the calculation of the mean normalised difference vegetation index, Landsat satellite images from 1991 to 2016 were processed using SPRING® software. Subsequently, FRAGSTATS® software was used to calculate landscape metrics. A reduction in the number of forest fragments since 1991 was observed, with a maximum amount of 5 243 fragments in 1993 that declined to 4 015 fragments in 2016. Although the number of fragments in the watershed decreased, the mean area increased by 72.9% and the mean of the shape index increased from 1.3 in 1991 to 1.5 in 2016. In addition, there was a 64.7% increase in the edge density and a reduction of 35.6 m in the isolation between the nearest neighbours. The degree of isolation of the fragments underwent a process of expansion and reduction when compared to 1991, presenting results that support the hypothesis that the Atlantic Forest is in a process of stabilisation and forest restoration.     

Relative effects of fragment size and connectivity on bird community in the Atlantic Rain Forest: Implications for conservation

It is known that large fragment sizes and high connectivity levels are key components for maintaining species in fragments; however, their relative effects are poorly understood, especially in tropical areas. In order to test these effects, we built models for explaining understory birds occurrence in a fragmented Atlantic Rain Forest landscape with intermediate habitat cover (3%). Data from over 9000 mist-net hours from 17 fragments differing in size (2-175 ha) and connectivity (considering corridor linkages and distance to nearby fragments) were ranked under a model selection approach. A total 1293 individuals of 62 species were recorded. Species richness, abundance and compositional variation were mainly affected by connectivity indices that consider the capacity of species to use corridors and/or to cross short distances up to 30 m through the matrix. Bird functional groups were differently affected by area and connectivity: while terrestrial insectivores, omnivores and frugivores were affected by both area and connectivity, the other groups (understory insectivores, nectarivores, and others) were affected only by connectivity. In the studied landscape, well connected fragments can sustain an elevated number of species and individuals. Connectivity gives the opportunity for individuals to use multiple fragments, reducing the influence of fragment size. While preserving large fragments is a conservation target worldwide and should continue to be, our results indicated that connectivity between fragments can enhance the area functionally connected and is beneficial to all functional groups and therefore should be a conservation priority.     

Linking watershed and microhabitat characteristics: effects on production of Atlantic salmonids (Salmo salar and Salmo trutta)

The spatial scale of environmental factors influencing population dynamics ranges from microhabitat to continental or even global scales. Integration of multiple spatial scales is important in order to understand links between environmental variation and population processes. In the present study, we investigate how multiscale drivers influence the production of stream‐rearing Atlantic salmonids (Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. and brown trout, Salmo trutta L.) measured in terms of abundance. Variation in juvenile production was studied using data from single‐pass electrofishing surveys (measured as biomass per m²) from nine rivers. These data were combined with habitat data ranging from an important in‐stream microhabitat variable (shelter availability) to properties of the catchment. Variation in productivity within and among rivers was affected by both properties of in‐stream habitat and catchment properties. Shelter availability and the proportion of the catchment consisting of cultivated land and lakes influenced biomass positively, while catchment area had the opposite effect. For a different set of rivers (N = 20), river gradient and catchment area were shown to positively affect the amount of shelter. Finally, the variables identified in the two preceding analysis were included in the analysis of population productivity using catch statistics from 160 rivers. The proportion of cultivated land and lakes, estimated shelter availability were found to have positive effects. In addition, temperature had a positive effect, while river width had a negative effect. This study shows that combining multiple‐scale environmental factors can explain a substantial proportion of variation in population productivity among and within the populations of Atlantic salmonids.     

盛夏一次大暴雨过程成因分析

利用常规高空、地面观测资料以及FY-2E卫星云图等资料,对2017年8月19—20日发生在陕西省商南县青山镇的大暴雨天气过程进行综合分析。结果表明,东路冷空气和副高是此次暴雨的主要影响系统;副高外围的西南暖湿气流、西南涡东北侧切变后西北干冷气流和山东半岛低涡后东路回流湿冷气流这3股气流在商洛上空的交汇,为此次大暴雨过程提供了充沛的水汽和能量;暴雨区上空垂直运动发展旺盛且深厚,为大暴雨提供了抬升条件;高空急流右侧的强辐散为大暴雨上升运动和深对流形成提供了重要条件。双重辐合-辐散产生的强烈上升运动,抽吸作用明显,为深对流的发展提供了条件,也促进了大暴雨区附近小尺度系统的产生和维持。喇叭口地形触发了γ尺度对流云团的生成和发展,3个γ尺度对流系统的发展,造成2次强降水叠加形成此次大暴雨天气过程。     

岩溶石漠化问题的全球视野和我国的治理对策与经验

对岩溶石漠化问题的认识起源于我国明朝徐霞客时代,我国的岩溶石漠化研究、综合治理技术方法对国际岩溶理论研究、其他岩溶区石漠化治理都具有示范性。在阐述岩溶石漠化分布区域性,我国岩溶石漠化现状、特点的基础上,提出治理对策,总结已有的岩溶治理对策和经验,同时提出石漠化综合治理中需要解决的科学技术问题。