The importance of sub‐peat carbon storage as shown by data from Dartmoor,UK

Peatlands are highly valued for their range of ecosystem services, including distinctive biodiversity, agricultural uses, recreational amenities, water provision, river flow regulation and their capacity to store carbon. There have been a range of estimates of carbon stored in peatlands in the United Kingdom, but uncertainties remain, in particular with regard to depth and bulk density of peat. In addition, very few studies consider the full profile with depth in carbon auditing. The importance of sub‐peat soils within peatland carbon stores has been recognized, but remains poorly understood and is included rarely within peatland carbon audits. This study examines the importance of the carbon store based on a study of blanket peat on Dartmoor, UK, by estimating peat depths in a 4 × 1 km survey area using ground penetrating radar (GPR), extraction of 43 cores across a range of peat depth, and estimation of carbon densities based on measures of loss‐on‐ignition and bulk density. Comparison of GPR estimates of peat depth with core depths shows excellent agreement, to provide the basis for a detailed understanding of the distribution of peat depths within the survey area. Carbon densities of the sub‐peat soils are on average 78 and 53 kg C/m³ for the overlying blanket peat. There is considerable spatial variability in the estimates of total carbon from each core across the survey area, with values ranging between 56.5 kg C/m² (1.01 m total depth of peat and soil) and 524 kg C/m² (6.63 m total depth). Sub‐peat soil carbon represents between 4 and 28 per cent (mean 13.5) of the total carbon stored, with greater values for shallower peat. The results indicate a significant and previously unaccounted store of carbon within blanket peat regions which should be included in future calculations of overall carbon storage. It is argued that this store needs to be considered in carbon audits.     

基于云服务的棚室蔬菜智能终端系统设计与实现——以黑龙江省为研究案例

棚室蔬菜产业在黑龙江省农业转方式、调结构和供给侧改革中占有重要的战略地位。黑龙江省棚室蔬菜生产规模近年来发展较快,技术支撑需求也与日俱增。本研究针对黑龙江省棚室蔬菜发展规模与技术服务支撑能力不匹配的现状,提出了基于云服务的棚室蔬菜智能终端系统及关键技术的实现方法。本研究以专家服务为主、数据挖掘技术为辅,以物联网设备为感知手段、以智能手机为用户终端,利用云服务对知识、资源、物联网数据的整合配置能力,提供蔬菜专家及棚室蔬菜用户对信息获取、存储、分析和决策的高效解决方案。本研究的部分内容已在黑龙江省农业科研部门、企业、蔬菜合作社、农户等不同用户群体中实验应用,能够为专家提供棚室蔬菜生产环境的远程问诊手段,适用于各类棚室蔬菜应用场景。本研究还提出了对大规模应用场景下的技术解决方案建议,可在全国的棚室蔬菜生产中推广应用,实现更广泛高效的专家技术服务支撑。     

基于溶解无机碳中碳氧同位素及化学组分的瓶装饮用水产地真实性鉴别

为了鉴别我国市场上销售的瓶装饮用水的产地和产品类型,本试验分析了瓶装饮用水溶解无机碳(DIC)中的δ¹⁸O_DIC和δ¹³C_DIC、水中的δ¹⁸O和δ²H值、矿物元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Sr)含量、阴离子(Cl^-、SO₄^2-、HCO₃^-)含量、pH值与电导率等水化学指标,结合费希尔判别分析(Fisher-DA)建立模型,对瓶装饮用水的类别和产地进行鉴别。结果表明,不同产地瓶装饮用水的δ¹⁸O_DIC、δ¹³C_DIC、δ¹⁸O、δ²H值均具有显著差异,而且矿物元素与阴离子的含量变化范围广,具有不同的地域性特征。产地溯源判别模型对不同产地瓶装饮用水的判别准确率高达100%,且采用水化学指标还能区分瓶装饮用水的类型。正态化重要性分析显示,对产地具有指示效应的前五项重要指标分别为K、Cl^-和δ¹³C_DIC、δ²H和pH值。综上所述,通过稳定同位素指纹信息和水化学指标的差异进行融合分析,结合多元统计模型可有效鉴别市场上瓶装饮用水的真实性,保护消费者的合法权益,维护市场公平。     

尕海湿地植被退化过程中土壤有机碳矿化特征

为了揭示植被退化对湿地土壤碳矿化过程的影响,以甘南尕海4种不同植被退化梯度的湿地(未退化(UD)、轻度退化(LD)、中度退化(MD)及重度退化(HD))为研究对象,采用室内恒温培养和碱液吸收法研究不同土层土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化速率和累积矿化量,结合一级动力学方程,分析土壤半矿化分解时间(T1/2)、有机碳矿化潜势(C0)等参数对植被退化的响应。结果表明:(1)不同植被退化梯度湿地SOC矿化速率在培养期内呈现出基本一致的变化趋势,表现为,培养初期(0~4天)矿化速率快速下降,且数值较高,培养中后期缓慢下降(4~41天)并趋于平稳;各培养温度下,不同植被退化梯度湿地土壤在各土层有机碳矿化速率大小均为UD>LD>MD>HD。(2)在整个培养期间,各植被退化梯度湿地土壤有机碳矿化速率均随土层加深而降低,表层0-10 cm的矿化速率(1.14~16.23 mg/(g·d))均显著高于10-20 cm(1.05~2.85mg/(g·d))和20-40 cm土层(0.94~1.26 mg/(g·d))。(3)4种植被退化梯度湿地在不同温度下的土壤有机碳累积矿化量均值排序为5°C(34.54 mg/g)<15°C(46.67 mg/g)<25°C(58.28 mg/g)<35°C(86.46 mg/g)。(4)一级动力学方程的C0值随植被退化程度增加呈递减趋势,而C0/SOC随着温度的升高而降低。因此,植被退化能显著降低高寒湿地土壤有机碳矿化速率,而气候变暖能够显著增加湿地土壤有机碳矿化量。     

Can soil respiration estimate neglect the contribution of abiotic exchange？

This study examines the hypothesis that soil respiration can always be interpreted purely in terms of biotic processes, neglecting the contribution of abiotic exchange to CO2 fluxes in alkaline soils of arid areas that characterize 5% of the Earth’s total land surface. Analyses on flux data collected from previous studies suggested reconciling soil respiration as organic(root/microbial respiration) and inorganic(abiotic CO2 exchange) respiration, whose contributions in the total CO2 flux were determined by soil alkaline content. On the basis of utilizing meteorological and soil data collected from the Xinjiang and Central Asia Scientific Data Sharing Platform, an incorporated model indicated that inorganic respiration represents almost half of the total CO2 flux. Neglecting the abiotic module may result in overestimates of soil respiration in arid alkaline lands, which partly explains the long-sought "missing carbon sink".     

Changes in the carbon concentrations and other soil properties of some Scottish agricultural soils: Evidence from a resampling campaign

The change in soil carbon (C) concentration, soil pH and major nutrients for approximately 1,000 topsoil sampled from on-farm experimental sites over a thirty-year period from 1950 to 1980 in north-east Scotland are summarized. This period coincided with increased agricultural intensification, which included regular liming and fertilizer additions. During 2017, 37 of these sites were resampled and reanlaysed. While pH and extractable phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) increased over this period, there was no detectable change in the percentage loss on ignition. Composite soil samples were taken by auger from a depth of 0–15 cm and compared with the corresponding archived samples collected at the initiation of each experiment. Analysis of these resampled soils indicated no significant change in soil carbon (C), although soil pH, extractable magnesium (Mg) and K and Nitrogen (N) concentrations were significantly greater (p < .001) but extractable soil P concentration was significantly less (p = .015) compared with the original samples. Even though measuring C concentration alone is a poor indicator of overall changes in soil C stocks, it does provide a relative quick “early warning” of C losses that would justify a more comprehensive measure of stocks.     

秸秆还田与化肥配施对汉中盆地稻麦轮作农田土壤固碳及经济效益的影响

为汉中盆地秸秆还田技术和合理化肥减量技术提供科学依据,2015—2017年小麦和水稻生长季,设置秸秆不还田+常规施肥(SN+NPK);秸秆常规还田+常规施肥(S+NPK);秸秆促腐还田+常规施肥(SD+NPK);秸秆促腐还田+化肥减量15%(SD+85%NPK);秸秆促腐还田+化肥减量30%(SD+70%NPK),共5个处理,研究其对土壤总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(LOC)、碳储量(SCS)、作物产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明与秸秆不还田配施常规施肥处理(SN+NPK)相比,秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥处理显著提高了稻田0～15cm土层的TOC和LOC,增幅分别为3.62%～25.07%和23.01%～46.79%; S+NPK和SD+NPK处理提高了0～30 cm碳储量,增幅分别为4.67%和18.20%。而SD+85%NPK和SD+70%NPK分别降低8.31%和9.83%。S+NPK和SD+NPK处理显著增加了小麦和水稻籽粒产量,而SD+85%NPK和SD+70%NPK处理均降低了小麦和水稻产量,周年产量2年平均增幅分别为3.47%、8.70%、-3.65%、-8.12%。与SN+NPK处理相比, S+NPK、SD+NPK、SD+85%NPK、SD+70%NPK处理周年经济效益2年平均增幅分别为16.91%、23.56%、6.02%、1.06%。土壤有机碳、作物产量和经济效益SD+NPK处理的最高, S+NPK处理次之,SD+70%NPK处理最低,与之相比,SD+85%NPK处理在小麦和水稻两季共减少化肥80kghm–2,作物周年产量降低不明显,经济效益略有增加。秸秆还田与常规化肥配施是提高汉中盆地稻麦轮作体系农田固碳、产量及经济效益的最佳措施,两季作物全量还田条件下化肥用量减少15%是适宜该区域的绿色生产模式。     

河北太行山区典型水土保持林乔木层生物量及碳储量研究

以河北太行山区4种典型水土保持林为研究对象,对混交林(栓皮栎-侧柏)、油松林、栓皮栎林和刺槐林的乔木层各器官生物量、含碳率以及碳储量进行比较研究。结果表明:混交林、油松林、栓皮栎林和刺槐林生物量分别为51.94,86.40,90.19,18.08t/hm^2,栓皮栎林和油松林生物量高于4种水土保持林生物量的均值(61.65t/hm^2),而混交林和刺槐林生物量分别占生物量均值的84.25%,29.33%。不同林分各器官在乔木层生物量中分配顺序均表现为树干>树根>树枝>树叶。4种典型林分各器官含碳率分别为45.16%~58.93%,58.48%~64.61%,51.16%~58.37%,52.35%~62.30%。4种典型林分碳储量为10.10~53.85t/hm^2。不同林分类型各器官碳储量与生物量呈正比关系,与生物量趋势基本相同,碳储量大小表现为油松林>栓皮栎林>混交林>刺槐林。     

免耕对土壤微生物量碳影响的Meta分析

为综合分析免耕(NT)对土壤微生物碳含量的影响程度,以常规耕作(CT)为对照,收集国内外关于免耕对土壤微生物碳研究已公开发表的41篇文献的田间试验数据162组,采用Meta数据整合分析方法,定量分析中国不同区域、气候类型和试验年限下,免耕对于中国农田土壤微生物碳含量的影响。结果表明,与常规耕作相比,免耕能显著提高土壤微生物碳的含量,免耕-常规耕作(NT-CT)的加权均数差值(WMD)为49.29 mg·kg^-1;免耕对土壤中微生物碳含量的影响存在区域差异性,西南地区WMD最大,湿润区(年降雨量>800 mm)免耕对土壤微生物碳含量的正效应最显著;年均温度10~15℃和年均温度>15℃时,免耕土壤中微生物碳含量显著高于常规耕作,且随着温度的升高而增加;免耕年限能够显著影响土壤微生物碳含量,以长期免耕(免耕年限≥8 a)效果最佳。综上,免耕对土壤微生物碳的增加效应存在区域特征,以西南地区最高,随着区域水热条件、免耕年限的不同有所差异,免耕措施的采用应该根据区域特点因地制宜。本研究结果为免耕的区域性合理利用提供了参考依据。     

Calcium silicate slag reduces drought stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Silicon has been reported to reduce drought stress on many crops, but limited studies have evaluated this effect with rice using calcium silicate slag from the phosphorus fertilizer industry as a source of Si. A greenhouse study was performed to address this issue. Four slag rates (0, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg) and two application methods (surface application and incorporation) were evaluated under two moisture regimes (flood and 50% field capacity) for drought stress mitigation in a mineral soil that is typical for rice production. Slag application significantly elevated plant‐available Si in the soil and Si accumulation in plant tissues, and tended to improve rice shoot and root biomass relative to the untreated control under both flooding and drought stress. Increased carbon isotope discrimination (△¹³C) and decreased proline in rice leaves subjected to drought stress indicate that this slag may reduce drought stress in rice, which was supported by restoration of foliage density, transpiration, photosynthesis rate and sugar accumulation to at or near flooded levels following the highest slag application. This study supports the usage of calcium silicate slag in rice production as it could improve Si availability and reduce drought stress.