Juvenile Procambarus clarkii farmed using biofloc technology or commercial feed in zero‐water exchange indoor tanks: A comparison of growth performance,enzyme activity and proximate composition

A 60‐day study comparing the growth performance; proximate composition and the digestive, immune and antioxidant enzyme activities of juvenile red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) reared using biofloc technology (the biofloc group) or a commercial diet (the control group) in zero‐water exchange indoor tanks was performed. A commercial diet was fed to both groups, and the daily feeding amount in the biofloc group was 40% less than that in the control group. Wheat bran and glucose were used in the biofloc group to ensure a C/N ratio >15 and the same feeding energy as that given to the control group. After 60 days of feeding, the final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate in the biofloc group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Furthermore, proximate composition analysis showed that the total hepatopancreatic lipid and ash contents of the biofloc group were significantly higher than those of the control group, and the intestinal and hepatopancreatic pepsin activities in crayfish in the biofloc group were higher than those in crayfish in the control group. Moreover, higher hepatopancreatic lipase and cellulase activities were observed for the biofloc group than for the control group. Biofloc technology promoted the health of the crayfish in terms of their immune and antioxidant enzyme activities. Based on the results of this study, biofloc technology is more effective than traditional commercial diets for the farming of juvenile crayfish.     

克氏原螯虾苗种规模化繁育技术

为解决克氏原螯虾苗种规模化供应短缺问题,以洪泽湖地区克氏原螯虾为研究对象,在研究、掌握本地区克氏原螯虾繁殖习性的基础上,设计并建设了由700 m2大棚产卵池和50 m2加温孵化温室及若干特制网箱组成的苗种规模化繁育设施.2007年9月分批次将16 443只成熟的克氏原螯虾亲虾放入大棚产卵池特制网箱,通过降低光照、微孔增氧、循环流水等措施,先后获得抱卵虾6 053只,平均抱卵率为45.7%;抱卵虾移入温室后,在控温、流水条件下孵化,获得了平均体长0.88 cm的稚虾76.9万尾,平均孵化率为81.1%.     

Oral vaccination trials with crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, to induce resistance to the white spot syndrome virus

The potential of oral vaccination against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in crayfish Procambarus clarkii was investigated. The protective effect of binary ethylenimine (BEI)-inactivated WSSV was tested by oral vaccination, followed by an oral challenge with WSSV. The crayfish fed with feed pellets coated with BEI-inactivated WSSV showed a resistance to WSSV on the seventh day post vaccination (dpv). The relative percentage survival values were 60%, 70% and 75% for the vaccinated once, twice and thrice with inactivated WSSV. Following an intramuscular injection experiment, no mortality was recorded in the inactivated WSSV group and the negative control at 17 days post challenge. The cumulative mortalities in the heated WSSV group and WSSV group were 100%. Shrimp that survived the WSSV challenge on the seventh day after cessation of oral vaccination were positive for the presence of WSSV by a polymerase chain reaction assay specific for WSSV. This result indicated that inactivated WSSV could protect crayfish against WSSV by oral delivery.     

温度、pH对克氏原螯虾血清酚氧化酶活力及稳定性的影响

以克氏原螯虾(Procam barus clarkii)为材料,研究温度、pH对其血清酚氧化酶活力及稳定性的影响。实验以L-dopa为反应底物,在试验设计的温度范围(20,30,40,50,60,70℃)内,测得酚氧化酶活力的最适温度为20℃,随温度升高酶活力迅速下降,该酶在20~40℃范围内表现出较高的热稳定性,而30℃时最稳定;该酶的最适pH 7.0,在pH 6.0和7.0的缓冲系统中表现出较强的稳定性。     

WSSV口服卵黄抗体的制备及在螯虾中的应用

将提纯的WSSV接种于蛋鸡后获得了高效价的IgY(卵黄抗体),与一定比例的保护剂混合后,瞬间喷雾干燥制成干粉其效价基本维持不变。在以螯虾为实验模型的攻毒及治疗试验结果表明:饲料中0.1%的IgY含量能在一定程度上延缓螯虾死亡时间,而0.2%的IgY含量则能够使螯虾的最终死亡率从100%降至30%左右。这表明WSSV特异性IgY制剂是安全有效的抗WSSV感染的的新型生物制剂。     

克氏原螯虾对3种不同生长型沉水植物清水态系统的影响

鉴于克氏原螯虾（Procambarus clarkii）是目前全球入侵最广、对淡水生态系统最具破坏性的物种之一,探究其对沉水植物清水态系统的影响,有助于防范克氏原螯虾入侵给浅水湖泊带来的生态风险。通过受控实验,研究了克氏原螯虾对直立型沉水植物轮叶黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）、冠层型沉水植物穗花狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）和莲座型沉水植物密刺苦草（Vallisneria denseserrulata）的影响以及不同植物培养系统对理化因子的响应变化。结果显示,直立型轮叶黑藻相对生物减少量（60.5%）大于冠层型穗花狐尾藻（45.7%）和莲座型密刺苦草（39.0%）;克氏原螯虾进入后导致3种生长型沉水植物清水态系统的总悬浮物浓度、叶绿素a和营养盐均极显著增高（P<0.01）。研究表明,水生态系统中的克氏原螯虾会直接降低沉水植物生物量,并扰动底泥增加水体的悬浮物、叶绿素a和营养盐浓度,导致水体由清水态向浊水态转变,也会通过直接牧食或扰动破坏,降低沉水植物生物量,最终影响草型清水态系统的稳定性。     

克氏原螯虾繁殖生物学研究

对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)繁殖生物学进行了研究。结果显示:克氏原螯虾的性成熟年龄为1年左右;雌虾最小体长为6.4 cm,最小体重为10 g;雄虾最小体长为7.1 cm,最小体重为20 g。5~9月为交配期,其中以6~8月为交配高峰期。克氏原螯虾交配后大约为30 d左右产卵。繁殖期为7~10月,高峰期为8~9月。10月底以后抱卵的虾由于水温逐步降低,一直延续到第2年春季才孵化。克氏原螯虾的繁殖行为与掘洞行为密切相关,繁殖期的掘洞数量较非繁殖期明显增多。7~10月,亲虾均栖息在洞内繁殖,洞穴深度为50~80 cm。卵巢为一次产卵类型。雌雄比例为1∶1。克氏原螯虾的个体绝对繁殖力的变动范围为172~1158粒,平均为517粒。个体相对繁殖力(F/W)的变动范围为2~41粒/g,平均为21粒。个体相对繁殖力(F/L)的变动范围为47~80粒/cm,平均为63粒。     

江苏四个典型克氏原螯虾养殖区抗生素污染特征与生态风险评估

为揭示江苏克氏原螯虾养殖环境中抗生素的分布特征和污染现状,利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)调查浦口和盱眙两个地区4个典型养殖塘水和沉积物中抗生素的残留情况。共检出14种抗生素(包括4种大环内酯类、2种四环素类、4种喹诺酮类和4种磺胺类),除浦口两养殖塘水体中的CTCHCL、OFL和AZI(浓度分别为16.528~57.140ng L-1和9.803~47.400 ng L-1),其他抗生素均以低浓度存在。抗生素浓度与水质指标的相关性分析结果表明,抗生素在水环境中的降解可能受水体富营养化、有机污染程度等水质状况的影响。基于RQs值对养殖环境中的抗生素进行风险评估,它们对生态系统中浮游动物的生长基本不会造成威胁;对藻类等浮游植物而言,浦口养殖水体中部分大环内酯类(SP、CTM)和喹诺酮类(O FL)抗生素具有中高度风险(0.161≤RQs≤2.92),盱眙养殖环境中目标抗生素生态风险较低(RQs≤0.181)。研究表明,江苏(特别是盱眙)克氏原螯虾养殖水体中抗生素污染水平相对较低,但仍存在一定的生态风险。建议采取全面的抗生素控制措施,以保护水产养殖生态系统的健康。     

氨氮对克氏原螯虾抗氧化功能的影响

以克氏原螯虾为实验材料,研究不同浓度氨氮对克氏原螯虾抗氧化功能的影响。实验分为6组,氨氮梯度设置为0(对照组)、10、20、30、40和50 mg/L,分别于1、12、24、36和48 h取肝胰脏测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果显示:(1)在同一浓度氨氮作用下,随着作用时间延长,SOD、CAT活性和MDA含量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。(2)在不同浓度的同一取样时间点,随着氨氮浓度升高,SOD和CAT活性除在48 h时逐渐下降外,在其他取样时间点均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;MDA含量均呈现逐渐上升的趋势。结果表明,氨氮对克氏原螯虾抗氧化功能有显著影响,抗氧化酶活性随着氨氮胁迫水平增加表现出先激活后抑制的趋势,在此过程中机体因氨氮胁迫受到的损伤逐渐增加。     

软、硬底质网箱对克氏原螯虾养殖效果分析

以体质量(8.02±1.65)g克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)为研究对象,探讨软、硬两种不同底质网箱对克氏原螯虾养殖效果的影响。试验分为两组,软底网箱作为对照组,硬底网箱为试验组,每组设3次重复,每个网箱随机放养60尾螯虾。养殖6周后,测定克氏原螯虾的各项生长性能指标和酶活力,分析了软、硬底质网箱中克氏原螯虾生长和生理指标的变化特征。结果表明:试验组克氏原螯虾的终末体重、存活率、饲料效率、增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组,而残肢率显著低于对照组;同时,各项消化酶和抗氧化酶活力也明显高于对照组。由此可知,采用硬底网箱进行克氏原螯虾养殖的效果较软底网箱更好。