Performance of Mixed Species and Mono‐specific Algal Diets for Culture of Larval Western School Prawns,Metapenaeus dalli

The effect of three mono‐specific and four combinations of the diatoms Chaetoceros muelleri, Chaetoceros calcitrans, and the chlorophyte Tetraselmis suecica on survival, development, and dry weight of the western school prawn, Metapenaeus dalli, was assessed from protozoea I until mysis I. The development and dry weight of larvae were significantly greater when fed diets comprising C. muelleri and/or T. suecica. A fourth diet, consisting of all three microalgal species also performed just as well. Survival alone was a poor measure of the performance of the various diets. Larvae fed with C. calcitrans, either alone or in a mixed diet with either C. muelleri or T. suecica, had significantly slower development and lower dry weight. Overall performance, assessed using the normalized biomass development index, determined that both mono‐specific and mixed diets containing C. muelleri and T. suecica were among the best for M. dalli larvae. These results for M. dalli are consistent with those found for commercially grown penaeid prawns. This study enhances the limited knowledge on the feeding requirements of metapenaeid prawn larvae. Moreover, the results will help improve hatchery methods for the aquaculture‐based enhancement of M. dalli in the Swan‐Canning Estuary and potentially increase the abundance of this iconic recreational species.     

Comparing biofloc,clear-water,and hybrid nursery systems (Part I): Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production,water quality,and stable isotope dynamics

Indoor, intensive, nursery-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can provide high-quality juvenile shrimp for indoor or pond-based production systems in a biosecure manner. However, it is unclear what type of RAS is most appropriate for indoor shrimp nurseries. This study compared three types of RAS nurseries: biofloc (BF), clear-water (CW), and hybrid (HY). Each treatment included four, randomly assigned 160 L (0.35-m²) tanks that were stocked with 3000 post-larvae shrimp m⁻³. The post-larvae (PL10) shrimp had an initial average weight of 7 ± 0.0 mg and were grown for 48 days. The BF tanks included external settling chambers as the only filtration mechanism. The CW tanks had settling chambers, foam fractionators, and external biofilters to fully clarify the water and process nitrogenous waste. Hybrid tanks included settling chambers, and external biofilters to maintain some suspended solids along with external biofiltration. Overall, the CW treatment had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH levels than the BF and HY systems. The HY treatment had significantly higher DO than the BF treatment. Nitrite concentration was significantly higher in the HY treatment than the CW treatment. Turbidity in the BF treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. On the final sample date, the BF treatment had significantly higher nitrite and nitrate concentrations than the other treatments. Differences between treatments in terms of shrimp survival, mean harvest weight, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio were not significant. The final weight of the shrimp at 48 days for the BF, CW, and HY were 670 mg, 640 mg, and 590 mg respectively. A stable isotope mixing model indicated that, in the BF treatment, 13% of the C and 34% of the N in harvested shrimp tissue may have originated from biofloc material, signifying some nutrient recycling. The nitrification process was more effective with the inclusion of an external biofilter. All three system types appear suitable for RAS shrimp nursery production although consideration should be given to water quality consistency and filtration costs.     

克氏原鳌虾在养殖过程中形成铁壳虾的原因及对策

克氏原鳌虾又称小龙虾、红鳌虾、淡水小龙虾,是淡水经济虾类。因肉味鲜美,深受广大消费者欢迎,因其杂食性,生长速度快,适应能力强而在当地生态环境中形成绝对的竞争优势。由于小龙虾的高密度养殖,在诸多因素影响下产生了大量铁壳虾,铁壳小龙虾,又称“丁壳虾”“钢虾”等。笔者于2019年5月份走访龙虾田口,安徽地区小龙虾养殖行业增加了很多稻虾养殖户电话,微信中虾农时常提起“铁壳虾”,“红头虾”,顾名思义,虾壳厚且坚硬,甲壳呈现艳红色,而且头大身子小,尾部肉质较少,松散。全身黑色,看上去很脏,并且身黏附着很多水生微生物。本文分析了影响克氏原鳌虾产生铁壳虾的因素,指出“铁壳虾”给养殖户带来的危害,结合各地铁壳虾情况,提出有效降低稻田中铁壳虾比例的有效方法,最后提出关于稻虾田水质管理的指标,供养殖户参考。     

Nutritional Contribution of Biofloc within the Diet of Growout and Broodstock of Litopenaeus vannamei,Determined by Stable Isotopes and Fatty Acids

The relative contributions of feed sources were determined through the isotopic signal (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and fatty acid profile of feed items, shrimp muscle, and eggs of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in a biofloc system. In the growout phase, the isotope analysis showed the biofloc particle size class ≥250 μm contributed 55–100%; size ≥50 < 250 μm contributed 0–22%; and artificial feed contributed 0–45%. Principal component analysis applied to fatty acid profiles showed that biofloc ≥250 μm and artificial feed were the most important items in shrimp growout. For the egg production, isotope analysis suggested that the most important feed sources according to their relative contributions were polychaetes (0–100%), followed by artemia biomass (0–86%) and semi‐moist feed (0–66%), with lower contributions from squid, mussel, and the muscle of L. vannamei broodstock that had been cultured in biofloc. In terms of fatty acids, the most important items were artemia, polychaetes, and semi‐moist feeds. This work clarified the importance of feed sources for shrimp during culture in biofloc systems and during reproduction. Analysis of stable isotopes and fatty acids can be successfully used to trace the assimilation of nutrients during the nutrition of shrimp.     

虾蛋白肽对蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响

研究和探讨了虾加工副产物的酶解产物（Enzymatic Hydrolysis Production,EHP）对蛋鸡产蛋率和蛋品质的影响。以虾加工副产物为原料,应用复合生物酶酶解技术制备EHP,选择产蛋率在80%以上的300日龄笼养褐壳蛋鸡288只,随机分成3组,在基础日粮中分别添加0、1.5g/100g、3g/100g虾加工副产物EHP,并替代相应重量的鱼粉,试验期为60天。EHP,可显著提高鸡蛋的哈夫单位（P〈0.05）,试验组蛋鸡产蛋率平均提高3.14%,料蛋比相应低于对照组。表明虾加工副产物EHP可显著提高产蛋高峰期过后处于衰减期的鸡蛋的哈夫单位及产蛋率。     

抑制性消减杂交技术在对虾基因克隆中的应用

抑制性消减杂交技术是一项筛选、分离未知差异表达基因的试验方法,该技术具有快速、简便、灵敏、特异、高效,所需起始样本量较少等优点。利用该技术构建对虾组织消减cDNA文库,鉴定差异表达相关基因及其表达特性。通过对对虾差异性表达的免疫相关基因、抗病基因及其他性状基因的了解,旨在为进一步研究对虾抗病机理奠定基础,为利用抗病基因进行抗病育种提供一个有效途径,为提高对虾的经济效益提供前景。     

The effects of formic acid-treated shrimp meal on laying performance and egg quality in aged laying hens

An experiment was carried out to measure the suitability of using formic acid-treated shrimp meal (TSM) as a protein source for aged laying hens. Shrimp meal (SM), air-dried shrimp waste was treated with 3% formic acid (w/v) at room temperature for 20 min, sun-dried, ground to pass through 1.0 mm mesh screen and then ready to use as the TSM. A total of 56 Single Comb White Leghorn hens, 85 wk of age, were placed in individual cages and assigned randomly into 7 dietary groups of 8 birds each. A control diet, diets containing 5, 10, and 15% SM and diets containing 5, 10, and 15% TSM were prepared. Diets and water were given ad libitum during the 30-d experimental period. Hen-day egg production, egg mass, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were deteriorated with increasing levels of the SM in the diets (P < 0.05). In contrast, these parameters were unchanged with increasing levels of the TSM in diets and compatible with the control group. No significant improvements were observed in exterior or interior egg quality among the dietary groups, except for eggshell weight, strength and yolk color, which were significantly increased in SM and TSM groups when compared to the values in control group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that inclusion of TSM up to 15% in laying hen diets may have beneficial effects on laying performance along with improved eggshell quality and yolk color, and suggested that TSM is a promising combined source of protein and calcium in aged laying hens.     

虾肉中氯霉素sol-gel柱显色快速检测技术研究

试验旨在建立灵敏、快速、特异的氯霉素（CAP）检测方法,基于免疫亲和色谱技术和酶联免疫技术,研究了一种新型快速检测虾肉中CAP的免疫亲和色谱柱（ICTC）检测方法。采用溶胶-凝胶（sol-gel）法制备ICTC柱的检测层和控制层,优化检测层、控制层、酶标物（CAP-HRP）稀释度等条件,制备ICTC柱。测定ICTC柱的灵敏度、特异性等性能参数,并对虾肉样本前处理方法和基质干扰效应进行优化。本研究确定ICTC柱条件为：检测层,anti-CAP sol-gel：空白sol-gel为10：1 000（V/V）;控制层,anti-HRP sol-gel：空白sol-gel为13：1 000（V/V）;CAP-HRP的稀释度为1：10⁵。采用检测层消色法判定结果,检测时间10 min,PBS缓冲液中CAP的检测限为0.5 μg/L,该方法与甲砜霉素、氟苯尼考、氟苯尼考胺同类药物或代谢产物均无可见交叉反应,在虾肉样本中的检测限为0.75 μg/kg。本研究建立的ICTC柱检测方法快速、灵敏,使用方便,为现场快速检测虾肉中CAP残留提供了新的技术手段。     

对虾池不同综合养殖系统效率和效益的比较研究

利用５０个５．０×５．０×１．８ｍ陆基围隔研究了中国对虾与台湾红罗非鱼、海湾扇贝和缢蛏投饵或施肥混养及鲈鱼与中国对虾和台湾红罗非鱼混养最佳结构的生态效率、生产效果和经济效益。结果表明,几种综合养殖系统最佳结构下各种养殖对象对Ｎ的绝对利用率由高至低依次为：鲈鱼－对虾－罗非鱼（３０．９１％）＞对虾－海湾扇贝（２１．０９％）＞对虾－罗非鱼施肥混养（２０．１２％）＞对虾－罗非鱼投饵混养（１７．８１％）＞对虾－缢蛏（１６．９３％）＞单养对虾（１１．５２％）;对Ｐ的绝对利用率由高至低依次为：对虾－缢蛏（１６．０８％）＞鲈鱼－对虾－罗非鱼（１２．８３％）＞对虾－罗非鱼投饵混养（１２．６３％）＞单养对虾（１０．８８％）＞对虾－海湾扇贝（６．０１％）＞对虾－罗非鱼施肥混养（４．０４％）;其产出投入比由高至低依次为：对虾－罗非鱼投饵混养（１．９９）＞对虾－罗非鱼施肥混养（１．９８）＞对虾－海湾扇贝（１．５３）＞单养对虾（１．３８）＞鲈鱼－对虾－罗非鱼（１．３０）＞对虾－缢蛏（１．２３）。     

Depth, temperature and salinity preferences of newly recruited penaeid shrimps in Kuwait waters

Associations between catches and depth, temperature and salinity data obtained from the 1994–97 preseason shrimp trawl surveys in Kuwait waters were analysed using cumulative distribution functions and overlap coefficients. No single environmental factor had a controlling influence on shrimp distribution. Shrimp associations with the joint distributions of two environmental variables were stronger and more consistent over time than those with any single environmental factor. All three shrimp species examined in this study were significantly associated with the joint distributions of depth and temperature, and depth and salinity, indicating depth as the most influential factor in structuring the shrimp distributions during the surveys. Metapenaeus affinis and Parapenaeopsis stylifera were distributed at similar ranges of depth (8–15 m), temperature (26–31°C) and salinity (35–41‰), and had very high overlap coefficients. These two species can be categorized as co-occurring species in the sampled area. Penaeus semisulcatus had the widest range of the three environmental variables investigated in this study, particularly depth (8–32 m) and temperature (24–32°C).