大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的研究

系统地讨论了大气颗粒物中PAHs的研究状况,并对其来源和分布、采样技术、样品预处理、分离分析方法进行了阐述。     

黄河兰州段多环芳烃生态风险的初步评价

以黄河兰州段11个不同采样点3种多环芳烃的临测浓度及其对6～38种水生生物的LC50为基础资料,分别应用商值法、概率密度函数重叠面积和联合概率曲线3种风险浮价方法对黄河兰州段苯并(a)芘、荧蒽、芘的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明:黄河兰州段3种PAHs残留具有一定的生态风险.其中低暴露风险条件下(受威胁生物不超过1%),...     

Variability of communities and physiological characteristics between free-living bacteria and attached bacteria during the PAH biodegradation in a soil/water system

The biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via free-living and attached micro-organisms in soil/water systems was observed in order to examine the variability in the community dynamics and physiological profiles of the micro-organisms. As determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the Domain Bacteria, consisting of three phyla α-, β- and γ-Proteobacteria, reached 41.27–56.05% of all organisms in the soil/water system for PAH biodegradation. Among the free-living species, Proteobacteria, including Brevundimonas (Pseudomonas) diminuta, Caulobacter spp., Mycoplana bullata, Acidovorax spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found to be dominant—making up 93.51–99.80% of the population—and therefore seem to be associated with PAH biodegradation. Total plate count numbers and the count of Pseudomonas sp. present in the free-living population increased to between 10³ and 10⁶ CFU ml⁻¹ when clay with very low organic matter content was used as the matrix for PAH degradation. However, total plate count microbial numbers increased to only 10¹–10² CFU ml⁻¹ using natural soil from Taichung containing 1.883% organic matter. The soil organic content (SOM) seemed to affect the mass transfer of PAH in soil, leading to the difference in PAH biodegradation. Two different approaches, which included community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) and ectoenzymatic activities, were used to explain the functional diversity between free-living and attached bacteria. The free-living and attached bacterial communities from the clay system showed proportionately greater differences using CLPP. Relatively high levels of esterases, aminopeptidases and some specific glycolysis-gluconeogenesis enzymes gave an identifiable correlation with PAH biodegradation. The differences in bacterial composition, numbers and physiological characteristics show that free-living and attached micro-organisms may play different biochemical roles in PAH degradation in soil.     

土壤中多环芳烃的微生物降解: 降解途径及其影响影子

Adverse effects on the environment and high persistence in the microbial degradation and environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are motivating interest. Many soil microorganisms can degrade PAHs and use various metabolic pathways to do so. However, both the physio-chemical characteristics of compounds as well as the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils can drastically influence the degradation capacity of naturally occurring microorganisms for field bioremediation. Modern biological techniques have been widely used to promote the efficiency of microbial PAH-degradation and make the biodegradation metabolic pathways more clear. In this review microbial degradation of PAHs in soil is discussed, with emphasis placed on the main degradation pathways and the environmental factors affecting biodegradation.     

香港土壤研究 Ⅲ.土壤中多环芳烃的含量及其来源初探

通过对香港地区53个土壤样品多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的分析,并利用GIS空间数据管理功能,揭示了香港土壤中PAHs的含量和空间分布特征,同时,运用比值法定性地判断了土壤中PAHs的来源。研究结果表明:香港土壤中可以检测出16种美国环保署规定的优控PAHs中的15种(二苯并(a,h)蒽未被检测到),郊野土壤中PAHs的平均含量为34.2±16.0μg kg-1,而城区土壤中PAHs的平均含量为169±123μg kg-1,港岛动植物公园土壤中的苯并(a)芘的含量最高达到了47.2μg kg-1。在PAHs的来源上,前者的PAHs可能主要来自山火焚烧,而后者可能主要与城区的汽车尾气排放有密切的联系。     

土壤中多环芳烃不同提取技术评定

对同一土壤样品分别运用索氏提取、快速溶剂萃取和微波萃取3种提取技术,再对这3种提取液进行相同的后续处理(脱水、净化及上机分析等)。通过分析结果,对3种提取技术进行评定。结果表明:3种提取技术16种多环芳烃加标回收率结果分别为83%～120%、91%～112%和85%～119%,均符合试验要求。目标化合物保留时间不受影响,不干扰定性分析。索氏提取和快速溶剂提取适合分析少量样品,微波提取适合分析大批量样品。另外,快速溶剂提取技术提取效果好,但溶剂和N2消耗量大,对净化步骤要求较高,容易对结果造成干扰;微波提取技术耗时短,节省溶剂,在常压下进行安全方便。     

底泥中多环芳烃的测定

介绍运用微波萃取提取底泥中多环芳烃的技术,在优化的试验条件下,采用气象色谱—质谱法测定底泥中的16种多环芳烃,运用加标回收率验证试验方法的可行性。结果表明:采用微波消解和硅胶净化柱对样品进行前处理,方法简便,安全,样品量大,耗时短,节省溶剂,污染小,样品加标回收率为67.353%～101.666%,效果较为理想。     

噬氨副球菌HPD-2固体发酵条件优化及其对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果

选用有机肥A、有机肥B和紫花苜蓿粉3种有机物料作为菌剂载体,探讨了固体发酵过程中物料量、接种量、固水比和发酵时间对噬氨副球菌HPD-2生长的影响,以及固体发酵菌剂对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明,3种发酵载体中,以有机肥A的效果最好。噬氨副球菌HPD-2以有机肥A为载体的固体发酵最佳条件为物料量20 g、接种量5%、固水比1:1、发酵时间 144 h。菌剂施入土壤28天后,土壤中PAHs总含量由初始的9.96 mg/kg 下降到7.64 mg/kg,其去除率达22.8%。不同环数PAHs的去除率高低顺序为3环＞5环＞6环和4环,分别下降了35.1%、27.0%、20.7%、20.4%。该菌剂对PAHs污染土壤有一定的修复效果。     

混合菌降解土壤中多环芳烃的试验研究

PAHs生物降解程度受多种因素影响。通过筛选驯化PAHs降解菌,研究混合菌对土壤中菲、芘、苯并（a）蒽、苯并（b）荧蒽、苯并（k）荧蒽、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘的生物降解性能,并考察污染时间对土壤中PAHs降解效果的影响。结果表明,筛选的混合菌具有很强的PAHs降解能力,缩短了PAHs生物降解的半衰期,且PAHs起始降解速率较快,之后趋于平缓。27d内土壤中的菲、芘、苯并（a）蒽、苯并（b）荧蒽、苯并（k）荧蒽、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘的平均降解率分别为98.14%、89.97%、88.47%、63.55%、65.24%、60.49%,其中菲在5d之内的降解率高于93%。污染210d的土壤中各PAHs的起始降解速率高于污染50d的土壤,因此污染时间越长,PAHs生物降解的停滞期越短。     

不同材料生物炭和施用量对小麦和黄瓜种子萌发和根茎生长的影响

为明确不同生物炭材料和添加量对小麦和黄瓜种子萌发和根茎生长的影响,通过分析4种不同材料制备生物炭[花生壳生物炭(PBC)、玉米秸秆生物炭(MBC)、杨木屑生物炭(ABC)和竹屑生物炭(BBC)]组分特征,及设计发芽培养试验,测定4种生物炭的不同添加量(0、20.0、40.0、80.0、160.0 g·kg~(-1))对小麦种子(须根系)和黄瓜种子(直根系)发芽率和根、茎生长的影响。结果表明:4种生物炭均呈碱性,孔隙结构明显,表面有-O-、-OH、-C=O等含氧官能团。各生物炭除含有对植物生长有利的营养元素外,其浸提液和施用土壤也测出多种PAHs有机化合物,且不同材料生物炭PAHs含量存在显著差异。与CK相比,生物炭对小麦和黄瓜种子的发芽率无显著影响,但对其根、茎生长影响显著。随着生物炭添加量的增加,两种作物根长和茎长均表现出低添加量促进、高添加量抑制的趋势,达到160.0 g·kg~(-1)生物炭对两种作物的根长和茎长均表现出明显抑制作用。PBC添加量在80.0 g·kg~(-1)时,小麦根长、茎长提高101.67%和173.82%,对黄瓜根长、茎长分别提高了31.58%和85.14%,效果最优;而MBC、ABC和BBC则在添加量为40.0 g·kg~(-1)时达到最优效果,小麦根长、茎长生长率提高了45.26%～83.49%和79.30%～133.17%,对黄瓜根长、茎长生长率提高了18.55%～39.77%和63.14%～84.00%。总体上,各生物炭处理对须根系小麦种子根长和茎长的促进效果优于直根系黄瓜种子。研究表明,不同原料生物炭组分和性质差异显著,其材料种类和投入量均极显著影响小麦和黄瓜根、茎早期生长,且交互作用显著,因此,根据生物炭制备材料,探讨其理化特性,并筛选其最适用量,对生物炭的安全应用具有重要意义。