Assessing heavy metal contamination in soils of the Zagreb region (Northwest Croatia) using multivariate geostatistics

The assessment of soil contamination and location of pollution sources represent a crucial issue in soil remediation. Topsoil samples were collected in the Zagreb area (Northwest Croatia) and the total contents of trace and major elements were determined. A multivariate geostatistical analysis was used to estimate soil chemical composition variability. Factorial Kriging Analysis (FKA) was used to investigate the scale-dependent correlation structure of some variables by modelling co-regionalization of ten chemical variables, co-kriging specific factors and mapping them. The FKA provided two regionalized factors at different spatial scales of variability: the first factor at shorter range for Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni indicated different sources of anthropogenic contamination, whereas Ca (mainly loading on the longer range factor) was related to the lithology and parent material composition. The methodology used has proved to be a useful tool to separate geological and anthropogenic causes of variation in soil heavy metal content and to identify common pollution sources.     

基于多元地统计和GIS的珠江三角洲典型区域土壤有机氯农药残留状况及其空间分布研究——以惠州市为例

选取位于珠江三角洲的惠州市为研究区域,对该市土壤进行了系统采样分析,测定了42个表层土壤样品中的17种有机氯农药的含量。利用多元地统计和GIS相结合的方法,研究了17种有机氯农药的残留状况及空间分布情况。结果表明,17种有机氯农药在42个土壤样品中均有不同程度的检出,其中p,p′-DDE检出率为100%,3种有机氯农药检出率在90%以上,6种有机氯农药的检出率在80%以上。其中六六六和滴滴涕残留较普遍,但并未达到污染水平。分析显示,近期可能仍有新的六六六输入土壤环境,而滴滴涕则主要来自过去施用农药的残留。与国内其他地区比较,惠州市土壤HCH和DDT含量处于较低水平。主成分分析显示上述17种有机氯农药可以由5个主成分反映,分别对应于工业HCH的使用、自然因素、林丹的使用以及七氯和艾氏剂等农药的使用。采用克里格插值法对有机氯农药在研究区的空间分布进行了研究,结果表明不同有机氯农药在研究区分布存在很大差异。     

Geostatistical Analysis of Yield,Soil Properties and Crop Management Practices in Paddy Rice Fields

Abstract

We examined the possible benefit of rational site-specific crop management practices in 17 paddy fields located in an area of 2.0 ha for the prevalence of precision agriculture methods on a cooperatively managed large-scale farm in Sakurai, Nara Japan. Data on grain yield, soil physicochemical properties and farmer's crop management practices were collected in each paddy field. Unhulled rice yield was estimated at a resolution of 5m ? 5m in an area of 1.2 ha using a yield-monitoring combine. The spatial distribution of the variations for the collected data was characterized using geostatistical procedures. The kriged map of the unhulled rice yield drawn from the results of geostatistical analysis indicated the potential value of rational site-specific crop management using the yield-monitoring combine. The ratio of spatially structured variation to the total variation of brown rice yield, that is, the controllable proportion to total variation, was 75.4%. Each yield component i.e., the number of spikelets per square meter, filled-spikelet percentage and 1000-grain weight contributed 33.7%, 54.7% and 11.6%, respectively, to brown rice yield. These three yield components combined contributed to 96.5% of the brown rice yield variation. The agronomic factors (soil fertility factor, early growth factor, N dressing and uptake factor) contributed 79.7%, 52.1% and 41.8%, respectively, to the variation of these three yield components. Therefore these agronomic factors accounted for 58.1% of the total variation of the brown rice yield and 77.1% (i.e. 58.1% out of 75.4%) of the spatially structured variation of the brown rice yield. This controllable proportion may be a criterion for the prevalence of site-specific crop management in large-scale farm management in general, although only one case study was conducted.     

临湘市土地利用总体规划结构调整目标的生态足迹环评研究

根据临湘市土地利用总体规划的特点,对生态足迹模型进行了适用性改进,开展了规划用地结构调整目标的生态足迹核算.研究结果表明,在规划期内临湘市规划用地结构调整目标可有效提高生态承载力,可缓减规划实施给生态环境带来的压力;总消费生态盈亏由生态盈利转为生态赤字,总产出生态盈亏呈现生态赤字增加趋势,可持续承载生态亏损指数有所增加.研究表明,规划用地结构调整对提高该市的土地生态可持续利用水平起到积极的推动作用.研究认为,控制人口快速增长、提高资源利用率和土地集约利用水平是实现规划目标生态效应的的主要途径.     

农机安全文化建设研究

为预防及控制农机安全事故,实现农机行业本质安全,针对农机行业特点,对农机安全文化内涵进行梳理.基于2007年-2011年全国统计数据,采用因子分析及多元线性回归模型探讨我国农机安全事故发生的影响因素.分析结果表明,农机手的不安全行为是农机安全事故发生的主要致因,安全培训可以显著减少农机事故发生次数.基于模型分析结果及5省（直辖市）调研数据,从行为科学角度,提出一种以个人、群体、组织相结合的农机安全文化建设模式.     

基于两层协调模型的多级扬水灌区供水调配优化

针对宁夏回族自治区扬水灌区水资源紧缺、供水扬程高、不同灌溉方式并存、供水调配困难、运行成本高等问题,开展了多级扬水灌区的供水调配优化研究。考虑研究区供水具有多层次、相互联系、组成复杂、影响因素众多等特点,建立了具有二层递阶结构的供水调配多目标优化模型。模型以各层缺水量平方和最小和运行功耗最小为目标,考虑不同灌溉时段影响,第1层建立单个泵站供水调度优化模型,以进行单个泵站控制区内各时段输蓄水量分配优化;第2层建立多级泵站供水调配优化模型,以优化系统内各级泵站系统各时段供水量和提水量。两层之间以供水量作为协调变量,依据大系统分解-协调原理进行求解,充分考虑了不同层次之间水量调配和主体利益的协调。灌区应用表明,所构建模型能有效进行多级扬水灌区水量调配优化,给出了核定水量下各级泵站系统水量分配优化方案,优化方案较好地缓解了各级泵站间的供水调配时空矛盾,显著减小了系统缺水量。研究结果可为灌区管理者进行实际水量调配和管理提供决策支持和技术支撑。     

名师是这样炼成的——以江阴市两所中职校市级名教师以上对象为例

本文以江阴市两所中等职业学校市级名教师为对象,通过问卷调查,分析了他们在成 长过程中的内因和外因,提出了中职校名师成长过程中的内因是:目标明确、自身努力、学问思 辨、终身学习、勇于实践,学校支持、名师引领等则名师成长的外因。     

Real-time spectral classification of compression wood inPicea abies

Compression wood is formed by the living tree to compensate for external loads. It creates wood fibers with properties undesirable in sawn products. Automatic detection of compression wood can lead to production advantages. A wood surface was scanned with a spectrometer, and compression wood was detected by analyzing the spectral composition of light reflected from the wood surface within the visible spectrum. Linear prediction models for compression wood in Norway spruce (Picea abies) were produced using multivariate analysis and regression methods. The resulting prediction coefficients were implemented in a scanning system using the MAPP2200 smart image sensor combined with an imaging spectrograph. This scanning system is capable of making a pixelwise classification of a wood surface in real time. Classification of one spruce plank was compared with analysis by scanning electron microscopy, showing that the automatic classification was correct in 11 of 14 cases.     

不同饵料及养殖环境对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)形态差异的影响

本研究通过采集不同环境和不同饲料养殖的岱衢洋大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)形态数据,利用聚类分析、主成分分析以及判别分析对3组大黄鱼形态差异进行分析。结果显示,不同环境对大黄鱼体高、尾长存在显著影响,而不同饲料对大黄鱼体高、尾高、尾长、体厚存在显著影响,同时对D3–4、D3–6、D4–6、D5–6框架形态存在显著影响,差异主要集中于躯干前部。表明不同环境下大黄鱼形态变化可能与流速适应相关,而饵料对体型的影响可能是因为营养组成及物质积累的不同。聚类分析显示,配合饲料组与深水网箱组形态更接近,而与冰鲜饲料相距较远。通过主成分分析提取3个主成分,其中配合饲料组与深水网箱组在主成分1上相近,但在主成分3上存在差异,而冰鲜饲料组在各主成分上均离散,表明小网箱冰鲜饲料养殖大黄鱼形态分离较大,体型一致性低。利用判别分析,构建3种条件下大黄鱼体型判别函数,经交互验证,判别函数与预期无显著差异,可用于不同养殖模式大黄鱼的形态判别。本研究初步表明,通过改变养殖环境水流、养殖空间大小、饲料可在一定程度实现养殖大黄鱼形态改良。     

四种不同引进群体的凡纳滨对虾种虾形态差异性分析

种虾资源的好坏影响着整个凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)产业的发展,从国外引进不同的种虾群体可以在一定程度改善我国的种虾资源。本研究以凡纳滨对虾种虾(所选种虾均为雌虾,在12~15月龄之间)为研究对象,运用聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析等方法对4种不同来源的引进群体(PRIMO群体、SIS群体、厄瓜多尔群体和API群体)进行形态差异比较分析。结果显示,各性状的变异系数除了体质量外,其他均低于15.000%。单因素方差分析结果显示,在10个性状的比例参数中,头胸甲宽/头胸甲长和腹部宽/腹部长在4个种虾群体中无显著差异。聚类分析结果显示,PRIMO与SIS群体形态差异最小,与厄瓜多尔和API群体的趋异程度逐渐增加。主成分分析构建了4个主成分,累积贡献率为88.861%,其中,主成分1、2、3和4的贡献率分别为32.606%、23.982%、17.569%和14.704%。判别分析建立了4种不同来源的引进群体的判别函数,判别准确率P1为33.3%~67.1%,P2为30.8%~69.5%,综合判别准确率为52.1%。4个凡纳滨对虾种虾群体在某些性状比例参数上差异显著,在一定程度上产生了形态差异,但尚未达到亚种水平。